Transcript World in the Middle Ages

 Governments became more local
 “mini Ice-Age” caused a decline in food production
 People were not as healthy
 Some learning was lost
 A time between the Classical Period (Greece and
Rome) and the Modern World (RenaissanceNow)
 Son of Pepin III
 Rule 768-814
 Defeated many in war:
 Lombards (Italy)
 Saxons (northern Germany)
 Avars (central Europe)
 Spain in the Pyrenees
 800- crowned “Emperor of the
Romans” by Pope Leo III
 Emphasis on reading,
writing, and education
 Developed schools based
on the Roman model
 Alcuin of York taught
Charlemagne’s children
 Written Bible
 Caroline miniscule
 Bishops told to create
libraries
 Split up his empire into
areas controlled by
counts
 Missi Dominici “the
Lord’s messengers”
 Ensured support of
Charlemagne
 Heard complaints
 Determined
effectiveness of laws
 Charlemagne gave his
empire to his son, Louis
the Pious
 840- Louis divided the
empire among his sons:
Lothair, Charles the Bald,
and Louis the German
 843- Treaty of Verdun
 Split up Charlemagne’s
empire
 870- Middle Kingdom split
between the remaining two
kingdoms
 Empire weakened by
invasion
 Muslims
 Slavs
 Magyars
 A powerful noble had lots of land, more than he could
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use
He granted this land (called a fief) to a lesser noble to
use
This created a contract between the two
The lesser noble promised loyalty while the powerful
noble promised protection
Land was inherited from father to eldest son
(primogeniture)
Women could have land in their dowry, but it became
their husband’s land when they got married
 Lord= grants land/expects loyalty
 Vassal= accepts land/protection
 Knights= trained soldiers that work for vassals
(nobility)
 Peasants (Serfs)= people who live on the land and farm
the land
 Self-sufficient villages
where peasants
worked the land for a
noble
 Noble kept 1/3 of the
land for private use
(domain)
 Peasants had other
2/3 to work for their
sustenance
 Peasants also had to
work on the noble’s
land to pay for use of
their land
 450-Anglo-Saxons (Germanic tribes) invaded
 871- Alfred the Great
 900s- Danish rule
 1066- Norman Conquest (William the Conqueror)
 Brought feudalism to England
 King had more power in England
 France and English nobles connected
 1200s- King John
 Magna Carta
 Son of Henry II
 Wanted English nobles
to pay more taxes to
support wars in France
 Nobles banded
together to oppose this
 Forced King John to
sign the Magna Carta
 Latin for “Great Charter”
 Protected the liberties of the nobles
 Established rights for ordinary people
 King John could not raise taxes without consent of the
Great Council
 It made sure that the king obeyed the law like
everyone else.
 800s-900s- Carolingians (i.e. Charlemagne)
 987- Hugh Capet comes to power
 Capetians rule for 300 years
 France is decentralized
 Nobles have most power, then king, then church
 1328- Valois come to power
 800- Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor
 Many leaders, not very strong
 Wars were common
 Usually a result of private
fights between two people
 Knights were trained
soldiers that had lots of
armor
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Chain mail
Iron helmet
Sword
Shield
Lance
 Knights fought for their
lord
 Three ways to determine
guilt (or innocence)
 Trial by battle
 Duel
 Compurgation
 Oath taking
 Similar to character
witness
 Trial by Ordeal
 How well does the
accused survive a
particular ordeal?
 Trial by Cold Water- a person takes a sip of holy water and
is then thrown into a pool of water. If she sinks to the
bottom, she is innocent. If she floats, she is guilty
 Trial by Hot Iron- a one pound iron weight is heated until it
is hot. The accused must walk nine feet with the hot iron in
his hands to prove innocence
 Trial by Hot Water- A laundry cauldron is filled with water
and heated until the water is boiling. A rock is dropped in
the cauldron, and the accused must retrieve it
 Trial by the Host- the accused has to eat a piece of sacred
bread without choking
 Soldiers that fought for
 Started as pages
various lords
 Usually wealthy because
they had to fund their
armor
 Usually sons of
noblemen that would
not inherit land
(servants) at age 7
 Then became squires
(personal assistants to
knights) around age 14
 If proven through
courageous and skillful, a
squire could become a
knight.
 A code of conduct that
dictated how a knight or
nobleman should act
toward others of his class
 Includes:
 Fighting fairly
 Being courageous
 Loyal to friends
 Honesty
 Courteous to women
 Did not live in luxury
 Marriage was a way to
 Often lived in a keep or a
advance one’s fortunes
 Men depended on their
wife and children for
help
castle (later on)
 Castles had thick walls
for defense and small
windows without glass
 Worked the land
 Did not get vacations or
holidays
 Could not hunt on the
Lord’s land
 Peasants had a poor diet
(rarely ate meat)
 Victims of warfare
 Some people wanted to escape from the world and
devote their life to God
 Initially, monks and nuns lived alone and apart from
the world
 Eventually they built monasteries (for monks) and
convents (for nuns)
 Monasticism was the way of life in monasteries and
convents
 Saint Benedict- became a hermit
 Well-known for his holiness
 Established a monastery at Monte Cassino in central Italy
 The standards he set for monks was known as Benedictine
Rule and was later adopted by other monasteries and
convents
 Saint Patrick
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Brought Christianity to Ireland in 432
 Saint Augustine
 Led a group of monks to England
 Archbishop of Canterbury (center of Christian church in
England)
 Canon law- Church’s law code
 Interdict- form of punishment where all churches in a
region were closed and sacraments forbidden
 Heretics- those who opposed the church
 Threat to the church, heretics punished severely
 Tithe- One tenth of a person’s income to be paid to the
Church
 Encouraged equality and dignity for all
 Divorce was never allowed
 Took care of poor and needy
 Sometimes even established hospitals
 Church gained great wealth and influence
 Simony- people could buy church offices
 Inquisition- search for heretics
 Especially popular in Spain
 Often involved torture of accused heretics
 Philip IV of France tried to tax the clergy
 Pope Boniface VIII decreed this illegal
 Philip IV had the pope arrested.
 After Boniface died, Philip IV had a French pope
elected
 1309- Clement V moved church headquarters to
Avignon, France
 1377- Pope Gregory XI returned the papacy to Rome
 1377- Pope Gregory XI returned the papacy to Rome
 1378- cardinals elected an Italian pope and then later a
French pope
 Italian pope stayed in Rome
 French pope moved to Avignon
 Council of Constance 1414-1417- ended the Great
Schism
 Elected a new Italian pope
 Removed French and Italian popes
 A third pope resigned
 A.k.a. “Bubonic Plague” or the “Black Plague”
 1347- plague came from Asia and spread along trade
routes
 Black rats on ships carried the disease
 Fleas bit rats and then bit humans
 High mortality rate
 About 25 million people died between 1347-1351
 1/3 the population of Europe
 People lost faith in God
 Church lost power and importance
 Workers became more valuable and asked for higher
wages
 Peasant uprisings
 Change in relations between the upper and lower class
 English king Edward III held lands in France
 He was a vassal of the French king
 1328- French Capetian king died
 Edward III claimed the throne
 French elected Philip VI to be king
 War broke out
 Battle of Agincourt (1415)
 English used the longbow to
cut down French knights
 Orleans
 Siege led by Joan of Arc
 Weapons
 Cannons
 Gunpowder
 Longbows
 A peasant girl that helped France unite to defeat the
English
 French royal family was at war
 House of Burgundy sided with the British
 House of Orleans tried to unite France
 Joan of Arc helped secure the throne for Charles VII of
Orleans
 After her capture and trial, she was burned at the stake
for unwomanly conduct
 French won the war, but France was deeply hurt
 Kings in France and England gained more power over
nobles
 English kings had power limited further by the law
 http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkf3/
imaps/AC_06_206_bantu/AC_06_206_bantu.html
 1000 BC-1100 AD
 Bantu is an African language group
 People moved looking for more farmland
 Dominated by city-states that used the trade routes
along the Indian Ocean
 700-1300 AD- trade with Islamic Empires became very
important
 Muslims moved from the Middle East and Indonesia
moved to east Africa
 Swahili
 Bantu-language group
 City-states included Mogadishu, Pate, Mombasa, and
Kilwa
 Settled by the Shona
 Bantu people
 One of many fortresses to protect trade
 Specialized in gold mining
 Great wealth and power
 Declined after 1400 AD
 Ruled by kingdoms that protected Saharan trade
routes
 Each ruled by a monarch
 Gold-for-salt exchange
 Ghana
 Peaked around 1050 AD
 Mali
 Early 1300s
 Timbuktu
 Songhai
 Emphasis on education
 Rome split EastWest
 Byzantine Empire was in the east
 Strengthened the Empire
 528 AD- Justinian Code- code of written laws (based
on Roman laws)
 Efficient government officials
 Strong army
 “Greek-fire”
 Eastern Orthodox Church
 Hagia Sophia
Caliphates=Theocracy
 Eventually controlled much of NAMESTAN (North
Africa, Middle East, and the –stans)
 People paid homage to the Caliph, but local sultans
and emirs had the most power
 680- Karbala, Shia-Sunni split
 Overthrew the Umayyads
 Ruled from Baghdad, favored Arabs
 “Golden Age” of Islam
 Many mosques built
 Improved science, technology, and medicine
 Emphasis on trade
 1258- Baghdad conquered by Mongols
 Caliph executed
 Sultans and emirs gained more power without a Caliph
 Middle East in turmoil until the Ottomans take over in
the 1500s
 1000s- Seljug Turks took control of Palestine
 Turks threatened Constantinople and the king asked
the pope for help
 1095- Pope Urban II called a meeting and urged
European nobles to send knights to regain the Holy
Land
 People went because:
 Promise of salvation
 Hope to gain land or wealth
 Opportunities for trade
 1096-1099- French and Italian lords sent several
armies to the Holy Land
 Captured Antioch and eventually Jerusalem
 The Crusaders slaughtered Jerusalem’s Muslim
and Jewish inhabitants
 Second Crusade- 1147-1149- Turks had taken back some
cities gained in the First Crusade
 Turks held, Crusaders lost
 Third Crusade- Saladin (Turk) gained control of
Jerusalem
 1189-1192- Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II of France,
and King Richard I of England went to capture the Holy
Land
 King Richard I secured a truce with Saladin that allowed
Christians to enter Jerusalem freely
 1212- young people from across Europe decided to
march to the Holy Land
 By the time they reached the Mediterranean coast,
they were disorganized and hungry
 Several thousand boarded ships in France that sold
them into slavery
 New weapons and warfare
 The crossbow
 Catapults
 Political change
 Some lords sold land to go on
the Crusades
 Fewer lords=more power with
fewer people
 Better trade with the Middle
East and beyond
 Han Dynasty collapses 220 AD
 Political and social unrest in China
 Sui come to power and incite changes 589 AD
 Grand Canal built
 Unsuccessful invasion of Korea
 Defeated by invading Turks
 Tang Dynasty takes over 618 AD
 Expanded China to the north and west
 Defeated the Turks
 Offered conquered lands to loyal subjects (feudalism)
 Cultural Diffusion
 Xi’an as capital
 700-800s many foreigners (Arabs, Persians, Jews,
Greeks) came there
 Golden Age for China
 960- Zhao Kuangyin established Sung Dynasty
 Threat of invasion
 Tibetan rulers from the northwest
 Qidan (Mongols) biggest threat
 Sung paid tribute to the Mongols to avoid invasion
 Juchen moved into Manchuria (capital at Beijing)
 Hangzhou became capital
 Trade a huge part of daily life
 Literature
 Over 2300 poets at once
 Religion
 Buddhism spread to China and then to East Asia
 Supported by Empress Wu
 Neo-Confucianism
 Technology
 Wood block printing
 Gun powder
 Influenced by China
 Writing system
 Art and technology
 Buddhism
 300s- Yamato emperor
 800s- Feudal system arises in Japan
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Emperor
Shogun
Daimyo
Samurai
Peasants
 Samurai followed a code of behavior called Bushido (“way
of the warrior”)
 100 BC-300 AD controlled by Han China
 Brought Buddhism and civil service system
 Three kingdoms arose to challenge Chinese rule
 670 AD- Kingdom of Silla united with Tang China to
gain controlled
 Later kicked Chinese out
 Movable type
 1200s- Mongols controlled Korea
 1392- Koreans became independent
 Yi Dynasty controlled until 1910
 Indochina and Vietnam
 Vietnam mostly controlled by China until 939
 Buddhism
 Several dynasties arose to calm the country
 Indochina heavily influenced by India
 Hindu and Buddhist influences
 Angkor Wat
 Khmer Kingdom (ruled from present-day Cambodia)
 Originated in present-day Mongolia
 Originally nomadic
 Highly skilled at warfare
 Used catapults, massive crossbows, and cavalry
 Surrounded their enemies like hunters
 1162-1227 created an immense empire
 Conquered:
 Beijing
 Central Asia
 Persia
 Kublai Khan:
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Rest of China
Tibet
SE Asia
Not Japan
 Batu Khan:
 Russia
 Poland
 Hungary
 Golden Horde: name used by Europeans to describe
the Mongols
 Mongols controlling China
 Improved trade
 Enter Marco Polo
 Heavy taxes on the people
 Centralized the Chinese government
 Series of trade
and cultural
transmission
routes
 Began during
the Han dynasty
 Stretched 4000
miles