Transcript File

Medieval Europe Following
the Germanic Invasions of the
Fifth Century
A New European Civilization
• Formed with the mixing of the Germanic peoples, the legacy of Rome and the
Catholic Church.
• By 500, the Western
Roman Empire was
replaced by a number of
states ruled by German
kings.
• Only one of the states
proved long lasting—the
kingdom of the Franks,
established by Clovis
(the first Germanic ruler to
convert to Christianity).
Charlemagne and the Carolingians
• Shortly after Muslim expansion into Europe was halted with the Battle of Tours
in 732, Charlemagne (Charles the Great) came to the throne of the Frankish
kingdom.
• He greatly expanded the territory of his kingdom and created what came to be
known as the Carolingian Empire.
• Western Europe would not see
an empire as great in size until
Napoleon’s in the Eighteenth
century.
• Pope Leo crowned Charlemagne
(a German King) emperor of the
Romans—Symbolized the
coming together of Roman,
Christian and Germanic
elements—A new civilization
had emerged.
Charlemagne visits Pope Adrian I
Sometimes Called the Carolingian
Renaissance
• Charlemagne promoted learning—
Monks copied not only the bible, but also
the works of classical Latin authors—
Most of the works we have today were
preserved because of the Carolingian
monks.
The Division of the
Carolingian Empire
Following Charlemagne’s
death, the empire was divided
between heirs and faced
invasion by the Magyars of
West Asia, the Vikings of
Scandinavia, and the Muslims
from Spain and northern Africa.
The Rise of Feudalism
• The divided Carolingian Empire found it difficult to defend against the invading
forces—People turned to local landed aristocracy (nobles) to protect them—
They would earn protection in return for their service.
• Vassalage—By the eighth century, a man who served a lord militarily was a
vassal—The grant of land, the feif (the most prized gift that a lord could give his
vassal), was given to the vassal—In feudal society, loyalty to one’s lord was the
chief virtue.
The Feudal System
• The Feudal Contract, a set of
unwritten rules, determined the
relationship between a lord and
his vassal—The Aristocracy
became the kings, dukes, counts,
barons, bishops, and
archbishops who held political,
economic, and social power.
• For almost 500 years, warfare in
Europe was dominated by heavily
armored cavalry or Knights—They
formed the backbone of European
aristocracy—Similar to the Japanese
Samurai at this time, their chief
concern was warfare.
• By the twelfth century, tournaments
and the joust evolved as an excellent
way to train for war—Chivalry was a
code of ethics.
Kings
Fees, Loyalty,
Military Support
Land (Feif)
Nobility
Fees, Loyalty,
Military Support
Land (Feif)
Knights
Protection
Fees, Loyalty, Labor
Serfs
Read pages 360 to 363 on the feudal system.
1. Define:
• Lord
• Fief
• Vassal
• Knights
• Serfs
• tithe
• manor
2. (5 lines and write out the question) What is the relationship between the
manor system and feudalism?
3. Read pages 362-63 and complete the organizer with at least 8 descriptors of
life on a medieval manor.
Life on the
Medieval
Manor
A Limitation on the King’s Power
• During the High Middle Ages, European monarchs began to extend power and
build strong states.
• In 1215, English nobles forced King John of England to accept the Magna Carta
(Great Charter)—It gave written recognition to the feudal contract—It would later be
used to strengthen the idea of limited government.
• English
Parliament also
emerged in the 13th
century—the first
French parliament,
the Estates
General, held its
first meeting in
1302.
The Medieval Church
• By the fourth century, the Catholic church had developed a system of
organization.
 Pope—Western
Christians came to accept
the bishop of Rome (the
pope) as head of the
Church, but they
disagreed over the
amount of power he
should have.
 Monk—A man who
separates himself from
ordinary human society in
order to pursue a life of
total dedication to God.
 Missionaries—People
sent out to carry a religious
message.
By the mid
1000s, most
Western
Europeans
had become
Catholic.
The Byzantine Empire and the First
Split in Christianity
• Justinian became the emperor of the Eastern
Roman Empire in 527—He created a code of
Roman laws, called The Body of Civil Law,
which became the basis for much of the
legal system of Europe.
• The Christian church of the
Byzantine Empire came to be known
as the Eastern Orthodox Church—It
was unwilling to accept that the pope
was sole head of the Christian faith.
Alexander Nevski Cathedral in Bulgaria—
Enormous amounts of wealth and artistic talent
poured into church buildings, ceremonies and
decoration.
 In the Eastern Orthodox
Church, the emperor appointed
the head of the church (the
patriarch), so he had control
over the church as well as the
state.
The Catholic Church Gains Power During
the Middle Ages
• A power struggle erupted between the Catholic
popes and the emperors in Italy.
• The popes of the
Roman Catholic Church
reached the height of
their power in the
thirteenth century under
Pope Innocent III—By
the early 1400s, the
Church had lost much of
its political power and
lost all hope of asserting
its supremacy over the
king.
The Holy Roman Empire
The Slavic Migrations
Slavic peoples moved into central and eastern Europe—Western
Slavs converted to the Roman Catholic Church by the tenth
century, and eastern Slavs converted to the Eastern Orthodox
Church.
Case Study: Russia’s Unique
Spatial Location
• Eastern Slavic peoples also settled in present-cay Ukraine and Russia—They
encountered Swedish Vikings in the late eighth century—Native peoples called
the Viking rulers Rus (Russia derives from this).
• The Byzantine Empire sent
missionaries to Russian (Kievian
Empire)–It officially accepted
Eastern Orthodox religion in 988
• Russia lies between eastern
and western Europe, so
throughout its history, Russians
have debated adopting eastern
or western European culture.
The Mongols conquered Russia in the 1200s and occupied
Russian lands as the Golden Horde, requiring Russian
princes to pay tribute.
Agricultural Innovations Led to Increased Trade
and a Growth in Towns and Cities
• Explosion in labor-saving devices—
Wind and water power harnessed and
iron tools.
• Three-field system—Third field lay fallow.
• The ability of a peasant woman to manage the household while working in the fields
many times determined whether her family would starve or survive.
• Peace and stability followed the invasions of the early Middle Ages—The population
almost doubled between 1000 and 1300 from 38 to 74 million—Expansion in food
production, in part because of a climate change that improved growing conditions and
also because peasants had cleared more land and drained swamps.
The Revival of Trade
• Medieval society was agricultural, but trade grew gradually in the eleventh and
twelfth centuries—Cities in Italy led the way by trading with the Byzantine Empire.
• Constantinople became the greatest center of commerce in Medieval
Europe—A bridge between the East and the West.
Trade
Beginnings of commercial capitalism—People
began to invest in trade and goods to make a
profit.
As trade increased, demand for
gold and silver coins arose—A
money economy arose in place of
bartering.
Increased trade led to the revival
and growth of cities—Groups of
merchants built settlements near
castles along trade routes—Lords
built walls and provided protection—
Merchants came to be called
bourgeoisie (burg meant “walled
enclosure”).
Growing cities and towns
became important manufacturing
centers.
• Craftspeople began to organize into
guilds or business associations—
 Set quality standards.
 Specified methods of production
and fixed prices.
 Determined number of those who
could enter.
• An apprentice becomes a journeyman
to eventually become a master
craftsman.
Barter Video
Modern universities had
origins in Medieval Europe.
• Learning had declined during the late years of the western Roman empire
because the invaders did not read, write, nor understand Latin.
• Universities handed out liberal arts education—Grammar, rhetoric, logic,
arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy—Students continued on into law,
medicine or theology—Women did not attend.
• Latin was the language of Europe used in the Christian Church and
schools—Increased literature in the twelfth century written in the vernacular
(language of everyday speech).
• Scholasticism—St. Thomas
Aquinas taught that Christian
beliefs could exist alongside the
rational thought of Aristotle’s
work.
A Wave of Religious Enthusiasm
• Beginning in the second half of
the eleventh century, religious
enthusiasm seized Europe—The
number of monasteries increased
and new monastic orders
emerged.
• The Franciscans and
Dominicans undertook
missionary work throughout
Europe and into the Muslim
world.
• Inquisition—In order to defend
the church from heretics, the
Dominican order led the charge
to try heretics—Those who
confessed were sentenced to
public penance and punishment,
such as flogging—Those who
didn’t confess were turned over
to the state for execution.
• Popes used the threat
of excommunication to
wield power—If a king
disagreed with the
pope, he could be
denied salvation and his
vassals would be freed
from duty.
• The interdict
was even worse—
many sacraments
and religious
services could not
be performed in
the king’s land.
The Crusades and Their Impact
• The Byzantine Empire faced threats from the Seljuk Turks—Emperor Alexius I
asked Western Europe for help against Saladin, leader of the Muslim forces.
• The Crusades became a series of expeditions
to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.
• Italian port cities (Genoa, Pisa, Venice) benefited
from increased trade, but merchants would have
increased trade with the Eastern world anyway.
• The first widespread attacks on Jews began during
the Crusades—If they’re fighting the Muslims, they
should also be fighting the “murderers of Christ,” as
they called them.
• Reconquista—the crusading movement to drive the Muslims out of Spain.
• Politically, the Crusades led to the breakdown in feudalism—As kings levied taxes
and raised armies, nobles who joined, sold their lands and freed their serfs—Nobles
lost power, while the kings created stronger central governments.
• Eventually four strong nation-states would emerge—Portugal, Spain, England and
France.
The Black Death
•The fourteenth Century
was devastated by the
Black Death—Perhaps 38
of the total 75 million
Europeans died (1/3 of the
population).
• Spread by black rats
invested with bacteriacarrying fleas.
• Followed Trade Routes—
Italian merchants brought the
plague with them from Caffa
on the Black Sea to Sicily in
1347 and on to southern Italy
and France by the end of the
year.
Social Consequences of the Black Death
Many believed it was God’s
punishment for sinners or that it was
caused by Satan.
• Outbreak in Anti-Semitism—Worst attacks
were in Germany (Holy Roman Empire)—Many
Jews fled to Poland where the king provided
protection.
• Read page 341—Describe how Jews were
treated as scapegoats.
• Trade declined—Labor shortage—Demand
for food fell, causing falling prices—
Serfdom declined and deteriorated.
100 Years War
• French-English conflict over English-held territory in
Europe.
• Turning Point in Military History—Long Bow utilized
over the use of the crossbow and the use of cannon
(following the invention of gunpowder) greatly helped the
French.
• Joan of Arc, 1429—Believing her
visions from God meant for her to free
France, she inspired French armies to
fight on for victory—The French used
a newfound national spirit to
strengthen the monarchy, especially
its use of the taille (tax).
Cause and Effect in the Middle Ages
invasions of the Magyars of West Asia,
Vikings of Scandinavia, and Muslims from
Spain and Northern Africa
Byzantine Empire refused to accept the
pope as the sole head of the Christian faith
rise in the growth and power of the
Catholic Church
as trade increased and demand for
gold and silver coins increased
Rise of feudal system as people
turned to local landed aristocracy
to protect them
first split in Christianity between
the Roman Catholic Church of
western Europe and the Eastern
Orthodox Church of eastern Europe
power struggle erupted between
the Catholic popes and emperors
of Italy
a money economy arose in place of
bartering
as Italian cities increased trade
with the Byzantine Empire
Constantinople became the
greatest center of commerce in the
Medieval world and created a
bridge between Europe and Asia
Britain and France fight the
Hundred Years War
increased national spirit led to the
strengthening of monarchies in
England, France, Spain, and
Portugal
black death ravages Europe and religious
fervor leads to the Crusades
first outbreaks in World History of
Anti-Semitism
The Feudal System Breaks Down
nobles sold their lands, freed their slaves,
and joined the Crusades
monarchs created stronger central
governments as nobles lost power
the black death led to a labor shortage as
trade declined
serfdom declined
increased national spirit led to the
strengthening of monarchies in
England, France, Spain, and
Portugal
increased national spirit led to the
strengthening of monarchies in
England, France, Spain, and
Portugal
monarchs created stronger central
governments as nobles lost power
monarchs created stronger central
governments as nobles lost power
Rise of feudal system as people
turned to local landed aristocracy
to protect them
Rise of feudal system as people
turned to local landed aristocracy
to protect them
a money economy arose in place of
bartering
a money economy arose in place of
bartering
first split in Christianity between
the Roman Catholic Church of
western Europe and the Eastern
Orthodox Church of eastern Europe
first split in Christianity between
the Roman Catholic Church of
western Europe and the Eastern
Orthodox Church of eastern Europe
first outbreaks in World History of
Anti-Semitism
first outbreaks in World History of
Anti-Semitism
serfdom declined
serfdom declined
power struggle erupted between
the Catholic popes and emperors
of Italy
power struggle erupted between
the Catholic popes and emperors
of Italy
Constantinople became the
greatest center of commerce in the
Medieval world and created a
bridge between Europe and Asia
Constantinople became the
greatest center of commerce in the
Medieval world and created a
bridge between Europe and Asia