Transcript The Rise of European Monarchy: France

By: Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY
Addendum: Thomas Ross
Periodization
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
Europe in the 6c
The Medieval Catholic Church
 filled the power vacuum left from the
collapse of the classical world.
 monasticism:
 St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of
poverty, chastity, and obedience.
 provided schools for the children of
the upper class.
 inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
 libraries & scriptoria to copy books
and illuminate manuscripts.
 monks  missionaries to the
barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]
The Power of the Medieval Church
 bishops and abbots played a large part in
the feudal system.
 the church controlled about 1/3 of the
land in Western Europe.
 tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40
days a year for combat.
 curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition
 tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to
the church.
 Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person
[paid by the peasants].
A Medieval Monk’s Day
A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium
Illuminated Manuscripts
Romanesque Architectural Style
 Rounded Arches.
 Barrel vaults.
 Thick walls.
 Darker, simplistic interiors.
 Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.
Charlemagne: 742 to 814
Charlemagne’s Empire
Pope Crowned Charlemagne
Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800
The Carolingian Renaissance
Carolingian Miniscule
Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social
system based on loyalty and
military service.
Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle
Parts of a Medieval Castle
The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE
Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior
Medieval Women
• Often depicted as Emotional,
physical moral inferiors to men
• Actually had critical roles in trades
and farm
• Could be apprentices (clothing), join
guilds and become Masters
• Not political equals
• Can’t go to Universities
The Medieval Manor
Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
Growth of Royal Power
• Invasions and chaos subsides in the 10th & 11th
Centuries
– 987 Hugh Capet is elected King of France
– King Alfred defeats the Danes
– Otto I in Germany defeats Hungarians and is crowned
Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope
– Feudal Monarchies are transition from feudal rule
(decentralized) to centralized Nation States
• Concept of universal church/empire gives way to nation state
The Rise of European Monarchy: France
France
•
Hugh Capet Elected 987 AD
– Technically he is ruler, but in reality his powers are small
– Controls only small area around Paris
– Founds Capetian Dynasty
• Lucky: Always have male heirs
• Switch to primogeniture
• Allow sons to rule jointly with them so no elective Kingship =
smooth transitions
• Agricultural revolution hurts small landowners but strengthens
large property owners
• Exploit the rise of towns : supply king with militia, money
• King is supreme judge (locals can appeal over Lord’s heads)
• Anointed by the church gives religious authority (later leads to
church/state conflict)
– Begins a long period of expansion through marriage, wills, settling
disputes among nobles
French Expansion
• French Expansion
– Up to 1100 Capetians barely survive
• Paris Militia saves king several times
– Louis VI 1108-37
• Uses friends in Church and courts to Control Isle de France
– Calls nobles to court, the don’t show up, confiscates lands
– Gets Bishops to excommunicate enemies
– Constant raids, destroys nobles castles
– Louis VII Marries Eleanor of Aquitaine controls 1/3 of
France
• Marriage annulled Marries Henry II of England
• Angevin Empire Created English control 1/3 of France
• Leads French nobles to support King v. English
French Expansion
– Philip Augustus (13th Century)
• Unscrupulous diplomat, poor general
• Fails v. Henry II and Richard II
• When John inherits England he uses authority to order John to
come to court and confiscates his lands when he refuses
• Leads to war v. John, Flanders and Germany
– John moves slowly and his allies are crushed
• Unites a legitimate French State after the Battle of Bouvines in
1214
– Triples the size of Kings lands
•
•
•
•
•
Defeats revolts and seizes northern France
Conquers Normans
Seizes Southern France to “combat” Albigensian Heresy
Uses middle class officials rather than nobles as administrators
Descendents unite most of modern France by late 1300’s
French Expansion II
• Louis IX
– Expands royal courts, bans baronial wars, and ends
serfdom on royal lands
– Creates Parlement of Paris (like a Supreme Court, not a
legislative body) and publishes laws
– Each province has its own legal system
• Right of appeal to higher courts established
– Fairer tax system established
– Fair and efficient bureaucracy that actually works
• King becomes the symbol of fairness and Justice in France
• France becomes a model for proper rule of a state
• St. Louis
Phillip the Fair (France)
• Philip IV
– Taxes clergy
– Attacks Pope Boniface VIII
•
•
•
•
•
•
Clericis Laicos; Papal Bull: Can’t tax clergy
Unam Sanctum; Papal authority is supreme, can remove Kings
Physically assaulted by Phillip’s troops
Shatters Papal power: low point of medieval church
Leads to Great Schism: Urban VI urges reform of clergy
Cardinal Elects rival Pope, Two Popes then deposed by Council of
Pisa and there are 3 Popes, All deposed and Martin V unifies Papacy
• Rise of Counciliarism
– “Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376)
– Estates General emerges: Clergy, Nobles, Townsmen
(One vote per social class)
Louis XI (France)
• English collapse in France after 100 Years War
• Defeats Duke of Burgundy (Charles the Bold)
– Charles had tried to create a central European
Empire
• France now reunified but wars V. Italy and
Austrian Habsburgs bankrupt and weaken the
state during 1500’s
The Rise of European Monarchy : England
Alfred’s England
• 7 Dukedoms made up of Counties, shires (each
has a sheriff appointed by the King)
• William of Normandy (Fr.) Conquers England in
1066
– Claims throne by blood relationship to previous King
Edward the Confessor
– Battle of Hastings
– Census of 1085 (Domesday Book)
– Creates powerful centralized monarchy
– Henry I : Exchequer, Common Law and Jury trials
created
– Grandson Henry II inherits a network of Judges, tax
collectors and policemen
William the Conqueror:
Battle of Hastings, 1066
(Bayeaux Tapestry)
Evolution of England’s Political System
 Henry I:
 William’s son.
 set up a court system.
 Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
 Henry II:
 established the principle of common law
throughout the kingdom.
 grand jury.
 trial by jury.
Henry II (England)
• Henry II
– Expands common law, circuit judges annually, 4th
Lateran Council ends trial by ordeal
– Jury of accusation, Jury of trial
– Dispute with Thomas a’ Becket
– Controls many French Provinces and Marries Eleanor
of Aquitaine
– Largest fiefs in France
– Angevin Dynasty/Empire
Henry II’s Sons
•
•
Richard Lion Heart
– Great Warrior but bad King, debts
John
– Debts from father and Richard
– War with Philip Augustus lost (more debts)
– Oppressive taxes
– Excommunicated by Innocent III
– Magna Carta (Begins Limited Monarchy)
– Constitutional monarchy and limits Kings abuses (Parliament)
• Limited Gov’t, rule of law, balance of power, power of the purse,
private property, due process, judged by your peers
• Primarily benefits nobles/wealthy; only they vote for Parliament
– Common Law
• Common v. Roman law, precedent v. absolutes, evolves v. static,
Open v. closed courts, impartial v. active judges, open v. closed
evidence, right to remain silent (torture) Legal volumes
Magna Carta, 1215
 King John I
 Runnymeade
 “Great Charter”
 monarchs were not
above the law.
 kings had to
consult a council of
advisors.
 kings could not tax
arbitrarily.
The Beginnings of the British Parliament
 Great Council:
 middle class merchants, townspeople
[burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr.,
burghers in Ger.] were added at the
end of the 13c.
 eventually called Parliament.
 by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
o House of Commons  knights and
burgesses.
England
th
15
Century
• 100 Years War 1347- 1453
• Wars of the Roses after 100 Years
War
– Yorkists v. Lancaster
– Henry VI of Lancaster deposed by
Edward of York (Edward IV)
• Richard III (York) murders Edward’s
two sons and seizes throne
• Deposed by Henry Tudor (Henry VII)
England
th
15
Century (Con’t)
• Henry Tudor of Lancaster
– Marries Elizabeth of York and Ends Civil
War
– Confiscates noble property (uses Court
of Star Chamber)
– Able to rule without parliament on
wealth he confiscates
– Henry VII, Elizabeth I
Holy Roman Empire:
Germany
• Otto I crowned H. R. E. in 962 AD
– Son of Henry I of Saxony
• 1st non-Frankish
– Network of feudal vassals is never fully controlled
– No strong royal Domain
– Puts relatives in charge of Bavaria, Swabia, Franconia,
invades Italy 951
– Absorbs Bishops into Feudal Government (no families
so likely to be loyal) Become feudal lords
– System creates major conflict with the church over state
control of the clergy
– Henry IV: Investiture Crisis
– Frederick I; Wars on Italy
– Frederick II: tied down in Italy
– Germany never unified
Reform of the Church
• Increasing interdependence of Church and state = abuses
• Church offices held in fief, Kings select Bishops, sale of
offices (simony)
– Clunaic reforms: Monastery at Cluny (909) founded by
William of Aquitane, lay people sponsor independent
Monks
• Reject subservience to Royal society
• No concubines
• Reforms spread through France and Italy
– Second wave
• 1056 Emperor Henry III supports Pope Leo IX:
•
•
ban married priests, only clergy elects Bishops/Abbots,
1059 Lateran Reform: Pope elected by Cathedral Priests plus all major churches in
Rome
Reform of the Church
• Rise of nation state creates bitter Church/State conflict
– Investiture Crisis: Gregory VII claims authority under
“two swords” theory (1073-1085)
• Dictatus Papae: Pope can depose Emperor and
secular authority can’t appoint Bishops
• Henry IV needs his bishops in order to rule his
kingdom, 1076 splits with Pope
• Bishops back King and nobles back Pope
• Excommunicated but does penance and Henry
eventually wins by outliving the Pope
• Concordat of Worms 1122: Bishops appointed by
the Pope or Cathedral Chapter but King can veto
(very important later on) EQUAL ROLLS =
Compromise
Reform of the Papacy
• Papal government reformed: College of Cardinals
act as advisors and Cathedral Chapter handles
administration
– Codify all old decrees into Canon Law
• Legates = Traveling Judges, Councils for Major decisions
• Deal with Church lands, Bishop Elections
• Marriage becomes a sacrament under Religious control
– Innocent III most powerful
• Papal courts get full Jurisdiction over all spiritual matters in 12th &
13th centuries
• Wants order, proper behavior of clergy, separate clergy from laity
• Three issues: Moderates succession crisis of H.R.E. between
Philip of Swabia; Forces John to back down on selection of AB of
Canterbury; Forces Philip Augustus to accept marriage as a
sacrament ( interdict, wars, central bureaucracy all help him)
Crisis of the Medieval Papacy
• Philip IV
– Taxes clergy
– Attacks Pope Boniface VIII
•
•
•
•
•
•
Clericis Laicos; Papal Bull: Can’t tax clergy
Unam Sanctum; Papal authority is supreme, can remove Kings
Physically assaulted by Phillip’s troops
Shatters Papal power: low point of medieval church
Leads to Great Schism: Urban VI urges reform of clergy
Cardinal Elects rival Pope, Two Popes then deposed by Council of
Pisa and there are 3 Popes, All deposed and Martin V unifies Papacy
• Rise of Counciliarism
– “Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376)
– Estates General emerges: Clergy, Nobles, Townsmen
(One vote per social class)
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
Impact of the Crusades
– some cultural exchanges between
Christians and Muslims
– new economic growth of Italian port
cities
– the growth in power of eastern crusader
states declined from the First Crusade
on
– increasingly common and violent
attacks on European Jews by
Christians
Setting Out on Crusade
Christian Crusades: East and West
Medieval Universities
Gothic Architectural Style
 Pointed arches.
 High, narrow
vaults.
 Thinner walls.
 Flying buttresses.
 Elaborate, ornate,
airier interiors.
 Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses
Oxford University
Late Medieval Town Dwellings
Medieval Trade
Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall
 Commercial Monopoly:
 Controlled membership
apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
 Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
 Controlled prices
Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop
Crest of a Cooper’s Guild