Transcript AP-Unit-2-Power-Pointx

•THE RISE OF ISLAM
•CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE IN EUROPE
•INNER AND EAST ASIA
•CIVILIZATIONS OF THE AMERICAS
•MONGOL EURASIA
•TROPICAL AFRICA AND ASIA
•THE LATIN WEST
• ORIGINS AND MAJOR BELIEFS
• THE CALIPHATE
• ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
• Pastoral nomads provided
merchants with camels,
guides, and a safe passage
to trade (caravan trading)
• Arab pastoralists were the
primary supplier of animal
power – camels had
replaced horses
• Islam was founded on the
Arabian Peninsula by
Muhammad
• Born in Mecca in 570 C.E.
• Mecca was a prosperous caravan city
• Muhammad claimed Allah came to
him in his dreams and told him how
he wanted people to live on earth
• The revelations continued until
Muhammad’s death in 632
• Hijra: in 622 Muhammad and his
followers fled to Medina in fear of
persecution by Mecca’s leaders
(marks the beginning of the Muslim
calendar)
• Umma: the community of Muslims
that accepts Islam and Muhammad as
the “messenger of God”
• Islam means “submission to the will of God”
• 5 Pillars
o Declaration of Faith: there is only one god and
Muhammad is his messenger
o Daily Prayer: pray five times a day facing the holy
city of Mecca
o Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
o Paying alms – charity to the poor
o Hajj: make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in
your lifetime, if able
• Muhammad died in 632 without appointing a
successor (caliph)
• Abu Bakr (an early believer and the father of
Muhammad’s favorite wife) succeeded him
• Expanded Muslim authority over Arab
communities
• Caliph (king); Caliphate (kingdom)
• Ordered the men who wrote down Muhammad’s
revelations to collect them in a book (Quran)
• The first 3 caliphs were early believers and/or
companions of Muhammad
• Ali, Muhammad’s first cousin was overlooked all
three times
• Rebels assassinated Uthman (the third caliph)
and nominated Ali to be caliph and the husband
of his daughter to succeed him
• Those who supported Ali became known as the
Shiites
• Those who supported the first 3 caliphs became
known as the Sunnis (People of Tradition and
Community)
• Battle of Camel (656): Shiites defeated Sunnis
• Uthman (the third caliph who was assassinated)
was related to the governor of Syria, Mu’awiya of
the Umayya clan
• Arbitration: found assassins guilty and said that
Ali should NOT have become caliph
• Before fighting resumed, Ali was assassinated by
one of his own men for agreeing to go to
arbitration
• Mu’awiya became caliph and chose his son to
succeed him - Umayyad Caliphate
• Ali’s son revolted and Mu’awiya’s son had their
family killed
WHILE CIVIL WAR WAS
TAKING PLACE OVER THE
RULE OF THE CALIPHATE,
ISLAMIC CONQUESTS
WERE BEING MADE!
• Muslims started to spread Islam through force in
the 630’s
• Arab armies defeated local inhabitants by giving
them the choice: the Quran or the sword
• Submit to the will of God – must do as a Muslim
• Conquered parts of the Byzantine Empire (Syria
and Egypt), North Africa, Spain, present day
Pakistan
• Islam spread to sub-Saharan Africa through
peaceful trade and conversion
• The Umayyad caliphs ruled from Damascus, Syria
• Gradually replaced non-Muslim officials with Muslim
officials and introduced the Arabic language as the
official language of the government
• Muslim silver and gold coins symbolized the new order
• The Umayyad Caliphate fell in 750 due to unrest among
the converts
• 750 – a revolt overthrew the last Umayyad caliph
• The revolt was done by an organization controlled by
Abbas, one of Muhammad’s uncles – Abbasid
Caliphate – ruled until 1258
• Was becoming weak by the half of
the ninth century
• Information regarding revolts took
long to reach Baghdad
• Mamluks: Turkic military slaves
who made up part of the army;
became a system of Islamic
military slavery throughout the
Middle East
• The Buyid family finally
conquered the Abbasid caliphate
• Berbers: indigenous peoples
of North Africa
• Berbers revolted against the
early Arabs who made their
way into North Africa
• Arabs established trade with
people of sub-Sahara Africa –
first kingdom was Ghana
which means (“land of gold”)
• Traded salt for gold, copper,
manufactured goods
EGYPT
• Fatimad Dynasty had
control over Northern
Africa, specifically
Tunisia and Egypt
• Cairo, Egypt became a
major cultural and
political center of Islam
• A major economic
power on the
Mediterranean
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SPAIN
Spain was still under
Umayyad control
Very diverse
Cities in Spain became
very populated and
prosperous
Religious toleration
The most diverse and
sophisticated agricultural
economy in Europe
• The Seljuk family established a Turkish Muslim
empire
• The Abbasid caliph remained, even after the
Buyid family (Shiites) takeover; however he was
under the control of the Buyid princes
• The Abbasid caliph now was under the control of
the Seljuk family (Sunnis)
• The Seljuk Turks invaded and took over Anatolia
which was under control of the Byzantine Empire
• The Turks were pastoralists so they did not
maintain the land and irrigation systems
• Baghdad turned into a city of ruins and
experienced a major population loss
• Sharia: the law of Islam and provides a foundation
of Islamic civilization
o Dealt mostly with personal and family matters
o Had no legal system in the time of Muhammad but
slowly developed laws to govern social and religious life
• Conversion: did not require an extensive knowledge
of faith
o “There is no God but God, and Muhammad is the
Messenger of God” (in the presence of a Muslim)
• Technology: science and technology flourished
o Muslim doctors and astronomers develop skills theory
long before Europeans
• Rural women worked in the fields and tended animals
• Urban women (elite class) lived in seclusion and did not
leave their homes without covering themselves
• Women sometimes learned to read and write with
relatives (away from unrelated men)
• Influential roles within the family but were generally
barred in public
• Slave women could perform as dancers or musicians in
front of unrelated men
• A man could have sexual relations with as many slave
women as he wanted
• A man could marry as many as four wives
• Enjoyed more legal rights than Christian and Jewish
women
• Daughters were guaranteed a share in inheritance
equal to that of a son
• The financial burden of supporting a family was put
on the husband
• Women were allowed to remarry if their husbands
divorced them (received a cash payment)
• Women could initiate divorce
• Women could practice birth control
• Islamic law forbade Muslims from enslaving
other Muslims or “People of the Book”
(Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians)
• Being a prisoner of war was an exception
• Many slaves were brought into the Middle
East from Africa and Central Asia in the later
centuries
• The offspring of slave women and Muslim
men were born free
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THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
MEDIEVAL EUROPE
THE WESTERN CHURCH
KIEVAN RUSSIA
THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE
THE CRUSADES
• The Eastern Roman Empire became known as
the Byzantine Empire
• Capital city: Constantinople, which was
located on the Bosporus straight
• Generally centered in the Greek and Anatolian
areas
• Constantinople’s location between the Black
and Mediterranean sea made an ideal center
for trade and travel
GRECO-ROMAN CIVILIZATION
• Adopted many aspects of both Greek and
Roman culture
• Used Greek as its language and built upon
many of the traditions of the Roman Empire in
terms of both law and economics
ECONOMICS
• Byzantine emperors regulated prices, the
trading of luxury goods, and grain shipments,
which may have slowed technological and
economical advancements
CONTRIBUTIONS
• The empire reached its height
under the emperor Justinian
(527 – 565)
• Justinian is responsible for the
building of the Hagia Sophia,
which serves as a great
example of Byzantine
architecture
• The Cyrillic writing system
became the written language
of Slavic and Russian Orthodox
Christians
• Gradually moved from an urban way of life to a more
rural one
• Women saw a change in their status, moving from a
freer status in the public arena during the Roman
period to a more secluded existence in the home (veil
and limited relations)
• Muslims took away territory from the Byzantine
Empire
• Constantinople was destroyed in 1204
• After 1200, the Byzantine Empire declined largely
because of a weak military
• 1453 - the Ottoman Turks captured the Byzantine
Empire
• The period of time from the fall of the Roman Empire
until the beginning of the Renaissance is known as the
Medieval period, or the Middle Ages
• The fall of the Roman Empire brought drastic changes
to western Europe, which caused a period of economic
decline and subsistence living
• Local lords replaced Roman imperial rule and the laws
of the Roman Empire were replaced by Germanic
traditions and practices of the tribes in that area
• Safety became the primary concern due to the absence
of centralized government
• Peasants began to turn to their local lords, which is
how feudalism emerged
• Charlemagne was the exception to the weak kings of the
early medieval period
• Charlemagne’s grandfather, Charles Martel, had prevented
the Muslims from taking over France (Gaul) at the Battle of
Tours in 732
• Charlemagne’s family, the Carolingians, had created an
empire that included all of Gaul and parts of Germany and
Italy
• Charlemagne brought about a brief period of intellectual
revival
• After the death of his son, Louis the Pious, the Treaty of
Verdun split the empire into three parts, and brought an
end of this brief period of empire in Medieval Europe
• Roman roads fell into disrepair and the Roman
coin became a thing of the past – contact with
the larger world through long distance trade
around the Mediterranean declined
• Little communication and no strong central
government
• Medieval life revolved around the manor,
which became the primary source of local
agricultural production
• Small community of people
and included a mill, church,
workshops, and a village
where serfs lived
• Serfs were tied to the land
and could not leave
• Most peasants across France,
England, and western
Germany were serfs
• Serfs worked the lands of the manor in exchange for
protection and were under complete control of the lord of
the manor, who had armed men to provide their safety
• Land rights for military service
• Kings and lords gave land to vassals in exchange for sworn
military allegiance
• Land given to a knight, which was known as a fief, could be
passed down through generations – this allowed knights to
become wealthy lords and then they could enter into vassal
relationships with other knights
• Knights could be in a vassal relationship with more than one
lord at a time
VIKINGS WERE FROM SCANDINAVIA
VIKING RAIDS
• Played an important role in land ownership and
inheritance
• Marriage became a tool to make military alliances
or gain more lands
• Noble children had very little choice in whom to
marry
• Kings used marriage alliances to increase their
territorial and political control
• Women could own land
• When their husbands were away on military
service, they could manage the estate
• The Catholic Church was the strongest unifying force in
medieval Europe
• The Church owned and controlled extensive lands – was
used for monasteries and convents
• Monasticism: element of Christianity and Buddhism
THE POPE
HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR
• The head of the Church was •
the pope
• He exercised authority over all
of the clergy and demanded •
the respect of secular leaders
• He controlled territory in
Rome and central Italy
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In need of allies, the pope
crowned the first Holy Roman
Emperor
The Holy Roman Empire
started out as an alliance of
German princes
Eventually these creations led
to the investiture controversy
• Conflict arose between kings and popes over who has
the power to appoint bishops
• Kings were used to giving authority to bishops in their
territories, but technically, Church law assigned the
responsibility of appointing bishops to the Church
• However, many bishops were also in a vassal
relationship with a lord or a king
• Concordat of Worms (1122): A compromise that said
the pope had the power to spiritually appoint bishops,
and then the emperor could grant a papally appointed
bishop with a fief
• Located north of the Byzantine Empire
• Russia was derived from the word Rus, which referred
to Slavic-speaking peoples who ruled by the
Varangians (Swedish Vikings who sailed down to
Russia from the Baltic)
• Varangian princes lived in cities and focused on trade
while the Slavs worked the lands
• Traded with the Byzantine Empire
• In 980, Vladimir I made himself the grand prince of
Russia
• Vladimir made Orthodox Christianity the official
religion
• Kiev remained an independent state until the
Mongols invaded in the 13th century
• Between the year 1000 and 1200, many
important changes were made in Europe
• New agricultural technology
o A new plow, a horse collar, and the use of horses
instead of oxen
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Food surplus
Population growth
Increased trade
Trade arose throughout the Mediterranean and in
Northern Europe in the Baltic and North Seas
• Gold coinage
• Pope Urban II called out to western Europeans in
1095 to take back the Holy Land from Muslim
control
• Europeans wanted to look for new lands and
acquire trading posts in Muslim territory
• The Crusades failed in their attempts to take back
the Holy Land, but they had a long lasting impact on
European life
• Europeans were exposed to an enormous amount
of information, ideas, goods, and resources
• Trade increased between Europe and the Middle
East
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SUI DYNASTY
TANG DYNASTY
SONG DYNASTY
THE MONGOLS
THE MING DYNASTY
KOREA
• JAPAN
• VIETNAM
• SOUTH ASIA AND THE
INDIAN OCEAN TRADE
NETWORK
• Set the stage for China’s
growth into a powerful
society after the 300
period of disunity
• Was short-lived – only
40 years
• Confucianism was
reestablished as the
philosophy of the state
and the examination
system was revived
• A large empire that gave a great
deal of power to local nobility in
order to ensure control
• Buddhist monasteries that
supported Tang rule were
rewarded with monetary gifts,
tax exemptions, and land grants
• Reinstituted the tributary system
– both Japan and Korea paid
tribute to the Tang
• Tang capital, Chang’an, was a
major trading center that
attracted people from all over
• Chang’an became a center for
cultural exchange
• Took part in Indian Ocean trade
• In the 8th Century the Tang began
to be threatened by rival states
• Internal rebellion
• Overexpansion
• Buddhism became the scapegoat
for many of the problems faced
by the Tang Empire
o Accused of being a foreign evil
o Accused of draining money from
the state
o Accused of causing the breakdown
of the family
• Was never as large as the Tang
• Made outstanding scientific
and technological contributions
o Used their knowledge of
astronomy to build a mechanical
celestial clock and to improve
the compass and the junk
(Chinese seafaring ship);
improved iron and steel
production
• Economic accomplishments
o Paper money
• Footbinding symbolized the
restrictions on women in Song
China and became a status of
the elite in China
• Confucian ideas that emerged in the Song period
– reflected Buddhist influence and incorporated
new understandings of Confucian teachings
• Zhu Xi – the most important early neo-Confucian
thinker
• Borrowed ideas about the soul and the individual
from Buddhists
• Human nature was moral, rational, and
essentially good, but also reemphasized moral
and social responsibility
• Family ties were still the core of Confucianism
• Spread to Korea and Japan
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Nomadic group from Central Asia
Self-sufficient pastoralists
Shamanism
Genghis Khan: supreme leader of the Mongols and known as the
Great Khan
o Captured Beijing, Iran, and made attacks on Russia
o Died in 1227
o His son took the title of Great Khan Ogodei
• Great Khan Ogodei was responsible for sacking Baghdad, the
capital of the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258
• The Mongols were known for their military techniques and
horsemanship – their only true rivals were the Mamluks
• From 1240 – 1260 the Mongol Empire flourished and attracted
merchants, missionaries, and scholars from all over Eurasia
• During this time, the Great Khan remained in Mongolia and ruled
over its territories in Russia, Iran and Central Asia
• Founded by Genghis’ grandson Batu
in 1223 and based in southern
Russia
• Mongols ruled Russia from a
distance allowing Russia to avoid
direct subjugation and kept Russia’s
principalities in place
• Mongols recognized the Orthodox
Church
• Islam became a major source of
tension in the Mongol Empire after
Batu’s successor declared himself a
Muslim
• While the Golden Horde and the IlKhan Empire quarreled, new
leadership rose in the Jagadai
Khanate
• Became the new leader of the Jagadai
Khanate and ruled from 1370 – 1405
• An ambitious military leader
• Could never be khan because he was
not born a Mongol
• He was a Turk who had married into the Mongol dynasty
• Had success attacking the Delhi Sultanate and the Ottoman
Empire
• He died before he could attack China
• His legacy lived on through his descendents, the Timurids, in
the Mughal Empire of the 16th century
• Timur’s capital at Samarkand was strategically located
between Iran and China, and became a major trading point
on the Silk Road
• Genghis’ grandson Khublai Khan took the title of Great Khan after
the death of Ogodei
• Khubali ruled from Beijing and created the Yuan Empire in China
• He unified China after the fragmentation of the Song Dynasty
• He did away with the civil service examinations and placed
Mongols in the highest positions – Chinese scholar officials kept
their positions but were subordinate to the Mongols
• The status of merchants rose (were not respected by Confucians)
• With the Yuan Empire at one end of the Silk Road and the Il-Khan
at the other, it allowed for the Pax Mongolica, or Mongol peace
• Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant traveled throughout China and
kept records at the court of Khublai
• By the 1340’s, the population declined due to warfare, flooding,
migration, and the bubonic plague
• Mongol princes were feuding and led to rebellion
• The Mongols either were absorbed into Chinese society or
returned to the Mongol homeland
• The first Ming emperor, Hongwu, made it his priority to reassert
Chinese authority and cultural practices
• He moved the capital from Beijing to Nanjing and reinstituted the
Confucian examination system
• Communication with Central Asia and the Middle East reduced
drastically
• Silver replaced money as the main currency
• Completed the Great Wall
• The second Ming emperor, Yongle, moved the capital back to
Beijing and added onto Khublai’s royal complex, The Forbidden City
• Yongle reopened trade with the Indian Ocean trade network and
reestablished ties with the Middle East
• To avoid conflicts the remaining Mongols in Central Asia, he sent
Admiral Zheng He on maritime voyages to Indian Ocean ports
• Between 1405 and 1433, Zheng He established trading, mercantile,
and diplomatic relationships and added 50 new tribute states to
China’s realm
GEOGRAPHY OF JAPAN
• Archipelago – chain of
islands
• 4/5 of Japan is
mountainous, so most
people settled in river
valleys and along the coast
• Bodies of water protected
Japan from invaders;
provided trade and
transportation routes; was
a source of food
• Japan is located in the ring
of fire - tsunamis
THE RING OF FIRE
• First written records came from the Chinese
• Many Chinese influences reached Japan through
Korea (cultural bridge)
• Emperors descended from one continuous
lineage: The Yamato Clan
• Fujiwara Family (794-1185): HEIAN PERIOD
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Controlled power and protected the emperor
Favored Confucian learning
Read the Chinese classics
Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki – the world’s first novel
• Kamakura Family (1185-1338)
– Military values increased
– The first of Japan’s decentralized military governments
THE HEIAN PERIOD
• Heian was the capital city
during a period of elegance
and sophistication
• The Heian period took place
from 794 to 1185
• During this period the
blending of Chinese and
Japanese cultures flourished
• Important literature came out
of the Heian period
– The Tale of Genji, written by
Lady Murasaki, was the world’s
first full-length novel
ORGANIZATION OF FEUDAL JAPAN
EMPEROR
SHOGUN (Military
Leader)
DAIMYO (Nobles)
SAMURAI (Warrior Class)
PEASANTS, MERCHANTS, ARTISANS
• The shogun (military leader) distributed land
and privileges to his followers and in return
they paid him tribute and supplied him with
soldiers
• Regional warlords (Daimyo)
• The only thing that united the Japanese was
loyalty to the emperor and to the shogun
• When the Mongols attempted to invade
Japan in 1281, the shogun tried to centralize
his military government and prepare for war
• The Japanese made a national effort in moving
supplies to Kyushu (the most western island)
• The Mongols were never able to invade due to
weather – a typhoon; a Kamikaze
• 1338 – Ashikaga Shogunate took power and
Japan returns to a decentralized feudal system
• Was heavily influenced by Chinese society
and traditions
• Both Confucianism and Buddhism had a
tremendous impact on Korean culture
• Had close relations with the Tang and Song
Empires
• Dealt with the Mongols when the Mongols
attacked in 1231 and finally defeated the
Koreans in 1258
• Korea had an aristocratic government with a
ruling family having power for centuries
• Wealth was based on agriculture
• Aristocratic familes:
o The Silla family and Koryo family before the
Mongols
o The Yi family after the Mongols and until
the Japanese takeover in 1910
• Vietnam was divided into two rival kingdoms
• Annam (in the North)
– Politically, culturally, economically tied to China
• Champa (in the South)
– Part of the Indian Ocean trade network
– Tied to India and Malaya
• When the Mongols came, they made both
tribute states
• The Ming occupied Annam and also made
both tribute states
• By 1500, Annam took control of Champa and
united the two under the name Annam
• Annam used Confucian political structures,
including the examination system
• Women had property rights
• In the twelfth century, Muslim Turks
invaded the disunited subcontinent of
India and established the Delhi
Sultanate
• From 1206-1526, the Muslim Empire
had control over India
• They destroyed temples and killed
thousands of people
• The Delhi Sultanate required Hindus to
pay a special tax in exchange for
protection
• The sultanate collapsed in1398 when
Timur invaded and captured Delhi
• The Delhi Sultante benefited from their
control over India because of the
Indian Ocean trade network
• Had to master the monsoon winds and navigating their
currents
• Typical ship was a dhow - had a lateen sail (triangular shaped
sail that caught the winds)
• Chinese junk – best vessel for travel and large transport
• Richest trade network from 600-1450 and was at its height
from 1200-1500
• Towards the end of it, European explorers tried to gain
control of it
• Was not controlled by one central political power
• East Africa, Arabia, India, China
• Islam was the dominant religion of the network
• Facilitated trading relationships between peoples of all
languages and ethnicities who shared this faith
• Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan Muslim who traveled along the
Indian Ocean trade route
• MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS
o CLASSIC ERA (200 – 900)
• TEOTUHUACAN
• MAYAS
o POSTCLASSIC ERA (900 – 1500)
• TOLTEC
• AZTECS
• NORTH AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS
o SOUTHERWESTERN DESERT
o MISSISSIPPIAN
• ANDEAN CIVILIZATIONS
o PREINCAS
o INCAS
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Just north of modern day Mexico City
Reached its height in 600
The largest cities in the Americas at the time
Served as a religious center
Religion – polytheistic and human sacrifice
Architecture – pyramid-like structures
Reliable food supply allowed for job specialization in
architecture, trade, and art
• Government – an alliance of aristocratic families
– Secured long distance trade & ensured agricultural surpluses
• It is not clear why Teotihuacan was destroyed – evidence
suggests disagreement among the elites and the mishandling
of resources
TERRACED FARMING
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TEOTIHUACAN
• Located in modern day Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and
southern Mexico
• Never politically unified but shared a single culture
• City-states competed for territorial supremacy
• Terraced farming and irrigation
• Decorated, colorful religious palaces, temples, pyramids
• Constructed incredible buildings with only stone tools and
levers
• Elite had secular and religious responsibilities –
intermediaries between the spirit world and the material
world
• Women had important religious, political, and household
roles
• Two kingdoms are known to have been ruled by women
MAYAN CONTRIBUTIONS
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Astronomical observation
Writing system
Math – concept of zero
Three different calendars
– Ritual cycle of 260 days
– Solar calendar of 365 days
– Long Count beginning in 3114
B.C.E.
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• A migrating group who finally settled in central Mexico
• Built on many of the cultural practices of the people of
Teotihuacan
• Capital city –Tula
• Military conquest
• Toltec art depicted and glorified the militaristic aspects
of its culture
• Two kings ruled together but one was expelled around
the year 1000 after a power struggle (marked the
beginning of the end)
• 1156 – capital was invaded and destroyed
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Located in modern day Mexico City
(1325) Twin Capitals – Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco
Based on military conquest and looked to the Toltec as models
Established a monarchy but the monarch did not have absolute
power – selected by a council of aristocrats from all the males of
the ruling family
Highest social class – warrior who owned huge estates and relied
on the labor of peasants
Used the chinampa system to grow crops
Relied on the tribute system for food supplies
Trade was based on the barter system – Merchants grew wealthy
Polytheistic
Conquistador Hernando Cortes captured Tenochtitlan in 1521
• HOHOKAM – lived in present day Arizona and were heavily
influenced by Mesoamerican cultures
• ANASAZI – Navajo term meaning “ancient ones”
– Had an economy based on maize, beans, and squash
– Kivas: underground buildings that served as community centers
– Chaco Canyon – consisted of 8 towns – one of them being Pueblo
Bonito
– Pueblo Bonito held religious dominance over the region
– Men hunted and cared for the irrigation works
– Women specialized in crafts and helped with agriculture and
domestic duties
– Chaco Canyon was abandoned in the 12th century due to a
drought but the Anasazi remained in the Southwestern region
• The first Amerindians were hunters and gatherers
• When people made contacts with Mesoamerican peoples and
maize, beans, and squash was introduced, people began to
settle and an urban lifestyle emerged
• Built mounds for ceremonial and religious use and as
dwellings for chiefs
• Chiefs had religious and political roles and oversaw long
distance trade
• Food supply became more constant
• The bow and arrow was introduced
• Trade expanded and was based on bartering
• Cahokia contained the largest mound (100 feet high)
• The Moche were dominant in the northern coastal area of
Peru in 600
• Depended on the Mit’a system to supply labor for irrigation
and the llama for trade
• The wool from llamas allowed the Moche to create a strong
textile industry
• Women had special roles as weavers
• Developed metal tools for agriculture and military use
• Priests and military leaders held political control
• The bulk of the population focused on agricultural production
• No written records, but archaeological evidence suggests
repeated natural disasters weakened the power of both
religious and political leaders
• The Tiwanaku and Wari lived in the highlands
• Tiwanaku
– An urban center located in modern day Bolivia
– Depended on the lake fish and llamas
– Grand ceremonial and religious center that was built out of
stone – limited tools
– Conquered colonies – greater food supply
• Wari
– Larger than Tiwanaku
– Contained a walled city, huge temple, urban and suburban
housing
– By 1000 both Tiwanaku and Wari had declined
• Stretched up and down the coast of South America
• Had more than 6 million people under its control by 1525
• Their rise to power began in the 1430’s when strong political
leaders joined together and began an age of military conquest
• Depended on the llama for food, clothing, and transport – women
& men cared for the animals
• Built 13,000 miles of road linking the empire
• Cuzco – centrally located in the empire and the center of
government
• Local chiefs handled local administrative duties and judicial
matters
• Elaborate palaces and temples reflecting each ruler’s glory
• The Temple of the Sun was the most glorious
• Used calendars for religious rituals
• Weaving and metallurgy was passed down from earlier Andean
civilzations
• Civil war weakened the empire just before the Europeans arrived
• GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA
• AFRICA’S RESOURCES
• ISLAMIC EMPIRES: MALI
• IBN BATTUTA
• AFRICA & THE INDIAN OCEAN TRADE
• SOCIAL & CULTURAL CHANGE
• The second largest landmass on the planet
• Africa is a TABLELAND
o Elevated but flat
o Surrounded by the Altantic Ocean on
o the West coast and the Indian Ocean
o on the East coast
o Both sides have massive cliffs
o 3 Major Regions
o Desert
• Makes up 30-35% of the land
o Tropical Rainforest
• Makes up 10% of the land
o Savanna
• Makes up 50-55% of the land
• THE SAHARA DESERT
o The world’s largest desert
o Located in North Africa
o Although it serves as a geographic barrier, it did become a highway for
trade and migration
o Almost no vegetation!
o The SAHEL – the belt of land that runs from the Atlantic Ocean to the
Red Sea, right below the Sahara
o Desertification: a climate change results in the process in which nondesert land becomes desert
• THE KALAHARI DESERT
o Much smaller than the Sahara
o Located in Sub-Sahara Africa
o Also serves as a geographic barrier
• Has the greatest concentration
of vegetation
• Receives a large amount of
precipitation – it rains almost
every day!
• Terrible for farming!
• Canopy – large branches that
cover the rainforest, allowing
very little sunlight to shine
through; however, this is where
the majority of life exists
•
•
•
•
Africa’s grassy plains
Trees are seen in some areas
Contains fascinating wildlife
Contains the best soil Africa has to
offer, but is still below global standards
• Cattle herding is a common occupation
• Slash and burn agriculture was
practiced
o a farming method in which forest and
brush land would be cut down,
burned, and used for planting crops
o ash was used for fertilizer
o RIVERS
o Nile River
o Niger River
o Congo River
These rivers served as
home to many African
civilizations
• LAKE VICTORIA
o the source of the
Nile River
• ATLAS MOUNTAINS
o Located in Northwest Africa
o North of these mountains was
very prosperous during the
time of the Greeks and
Romans
• ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS
o Located in East Africa
o The area responsible for the
development of iron smelting
in Africa
• A trading network gradually
developed linking the savanna to
the Sahara, and eventually
spread to civilizations along the
Mediterranean and into the
Middle East
• Gold and salt came to dominate
trade across the Sahara
• The camel was used to transport
these goods
• There was an abundant amount
of gold in present day Ghana,
Nigeria and Senegal
• West Africans received salt in
return from the Sahara
• North Africa was under Muslim rule by the eighth century
• Islam made its way into North Africa through the Caliphate by
force, and spread to sub-Saharan Africa through peaceful
conversion
• One of the richest and largest Muslim state was Mali – their
only rival was the Delhi Sultanate
• Mali’s wealth derived from trade – controlled key trade routes
and trading cities (Timbuktu)
• Mansa Musa ruled from 1312 – 1337
o Established diplomatic relations with European cities
o Converted to Islam and made the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
o After being gone for years, on his return to Mali, Mansa Musa
drowns in 2 feet of water because of all his armor
• Mansa Musa’s death marked the beginning of decline for Mali
• Mansa Suleiman – Mansa Musa’s successor
• A Muslim scholar from
Morocco
• Traveled to Mecca and
completed the hajj
• He continued on to explore
the Middle East, Africa and
Asia – 75,000 miles in 29 years
• Kept records of his travels –
considered invaluable in
describing the Muslim world
• He credited the leadership of
Mansa Suleiman
• 1375-92 Sunni Mar
– 1381 founded a new city Gao - becomes its capital
• 1464-93 Sunni Ali
– Marches northwards and brings a big chunk of the North African coast
under his control
• 1493-1528 Askia Mohammad
–
–
–
–
Established economic ties with Europe
Timbuktu became a major intellectual center in the Muslim world
Built the Great Mosque - most advanced, elaborate architecture
Songhai cities attracted great theologians, scholars, inventors
• 1590 El Mansur
– Moroccan prince – wealthy prince of a wealthy family
– Speculated that there were weak leaders in Songhai and formed a
huge mercenary army to go down and loot and look for gold
– Produced so much havoc – disrupted the gold and salt trade – Songhai
goes into a tailspin in which it never recovers
• Early trade with
Phoenician, Greek,
Roman, Arab, Chinese,
and Indian merchants
• Growth of strong citystates on the East coast
• Rise of slave trade
• Rich mix of cultures
• Development of Swahili
language (mixed Arabic
words with Bantu)
•
•
•
•
•
Experienced its height from 1200 – 1500
Richest maritime trading route
Grew as the Mongol Empire came to an end
Connected Africa, Asia and the Middle East
East African trading states (Swahili Coast) prospered
o
o
o
o
o
Each city began to participate in only 1-2 economic activities
Zanzibar - slaves
Dar es-Salaam – palm oil processing
Malindi – ivory
Kilwa (Great Zimbabwe) - gold
• Malacca became a major trading port in Southeast Asia
o Shipped rubies from Burma, gold from Sumatra, and spices
• Malabar Coast in India prospered
o Shipped cotton cloth, beads, and foodstuffs in exchange for
African slaves and goods
•
• Mosques were built based on Middle Eastern designs
• An increase in literacy coincided with the spread of
Islam
• 2.5 million Africans crossed the Sahara and Red Sea as
slaves between 1200 and 1500
• Women farmed, transported food, water, and other
materials needed for cooking, bought and sold food
and crafts at markets
• The impact of Islam on women varied
– According to Ibn Battuta, women did not completely cover
their bodies and veil their faces when in public and
interacted with men who were not their husbands or family
members
• URBAN REVIVIAL
• THE EMERGENCE OF NATION-STATES
• SPANISH RECONQUISTA AND INQUISITION
• THE BLACK DEATH
• EARLY RENAISSANCE
•Originated in China
•Killed every 1 in 3 people
•Transmitted through trade
•People lost faith in the power of the
Church
•Sped up social and economic movements
that were already impacting Europe
• The growth of towns and trade increases
• Towns formed alliances
– Ex: Hanseatic League – controlled trade throughout much of Northern
Europe
– Interdependence among towns initiated a drive towards nationhood
and it increased social mobility and flexibility among the social classes
• Achievements in architecture – Gothic style cathedrals
• European contact with the Muslim world increased
• People began to question religion and develop heresies (religious
practices or beliefs that do not conform to the traditional Church
doctrine) – people began to reject how wealthy the Church had
become
• Universities were being built – the study of philosophy, medicine,
and advancements made in Muslim culture
• Scholasticism – Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologica)
• Inquisition – the interrogation and persecution of heretics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Feudal kingdoms to Nation-states
People who spoke French aligned with France
People who spoke English aligned with England
Germany and Italy remained divided into strong, independent
states
King John of England signed the Magna Carta in 1215, giving a
certain amount of rights to the nobility
The French ruled only a small amount of land around Paris –
French kings expanded their territory over hundreds of years
12th Century – England began to claim large parts of presentday France which led to the Hundreds Years War (1337-1453)
The result of these wars was that England withdrew from
France
• A rebirth of classical learning
and artistry
• Stimulated by urban revival, a
growing merchant class, and
economic contact with the
Muslim world
• The rise of new scholarship
• Began in Italy and spread to
Northern Europe
• Leonardo Da Vinci: Mona Lisa,
The Last Supper
• Niccolo Machiavelli: The
Prince
• French word that means “rebirth”
• A revival of interest in learning about the classical
civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome
• Time of creativity and change
• Time of peace and prosperity
• Changed the way people viewed themselves and
the world
• Political, social, economic and cultural changes
were made
• Changes/contributions in arts, literature,
architecture
• Intellectual movement
• Focused on worldly subjects rather than
religious issues
• Believed that education should stimulate
individual’s creativity
• Taught humanities (grammar, poetry,
history)
• The Renaissance began in
Italy in the late 1300’s and
lasted until the 1500’s
• WHY?
o Center of the Roman
empire
o Cities survived the middle
ages
o Cities were wealthy and
centers of trade
o Location – between Europe
and Asia
• It later spread into Europe
• Spain was divided into
three Spanish Kingdoms
• Queen Isabella of Castille
married King Ferdinand of
Aragon
• Together, they ended
religious toleration
• They forced Muslims to
convert to Christianity or
leave the country
• Spanish Inquisition