Transcript THE REFORMATION

THE REFORMATION
Changes in the Catholic Church
R. H. Bainton
The Reformation of the 16c
Thus, the papacy emerged as something
between an Italian city-state and
European power, without forgetting at
the same time the claim to be the viceregent of Christ. The Pope often could
not make up his mind whether he was
the successor of Peter or of Caesar.
Such vacillation had much to do with the
rise and success of the Protestant
Reformation.
The Protestant Reformation
• Causes of the Reformation
– Crisis of 14th and 15th Centuries
– Corruption
• Simony, pluralism, absenteeism, indulgences,
nepotism, moral decline, and clerical ignorance.
– Critics of the Church
• John Wycliffe, John Hus, Kempis, and Erasmus.
– Renaissance Humanism
Causes of the Reformation?
 Church corruption
 Avignon Papacy
 Conciliarism
 Marsilius of Padua  Defensor Pacis [Defender of the
Peace]
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Attacked papal authority
The Christian community is the sum of ALL its parts!
 Development of personal devotions  suspicion of clergy
 Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe  church land
 Papal need for money  indulgences
 Printing Press
The Spread of the Printing Press
The
Holy Roman
Empire
in the 16c
Martin Luther
• Background
– Middle-class family
– Trained in law
• Thunderstorm and St.
Anne
• Terrified of God
Martin Luther:
His ideas were:
F
U
N
• Faith saves people – NOT good works
– Catholic Church= salvation by following the church
Q: Who will not like this idea of Luther’s? Why?
• Ultimate authority for Christians= Bible
Q: Who will this anger? Who did Catholics think was the
authority?
– Catholic Church says Pope is Ultimate Authority
• Nobody is more important in God’s eyes
Q: In Catholic hierarchy who was most important?
– Laity is equal to clergy
Q: Will the Church agree?
Important Luther Events
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1517- Luther nails 95 Theses on his church’s door
Luther from Holy Roman Empire
Pope excommunicate Luther
Church declares Luther a heretic
Luther goes into hiding and translates the New
Testament into German
• Luther’s ideas spread to prince in German citystates
• Luther’s followers form 1st Protestant Christian
Group
LUTHERAN CHURCH
Ninety-five Theses
– Selling indulgences
• Johann Tetzel
– Printing press enables
his works to spread.
– Nailed or Mailed?
– "I would never have
thought that such a
storm would rise from
Rome over one simple
scrap of paper..."
(Martin Luther)
The Spread of Lutheranism
• Challenged Church Authority
–Initially a debate between
Augustinian and Dominican Monks.
–Debate with Johann Eck
»Denied infallibility of Pope
»Erred when Jan Hus was
executed
»Point of no return
–Published reforms
»Salvation through faith
»Bible is sole authority
»Two sacraments
• Diet of Worms 1521
– Power to outlaw
– Luther to recant
– Outlawed by HRE as a
heretic
– Protected by Frederick III
• Translating the Bible
– Vernacular (German)
• Edict of Worms
• Confessions of
Augsburg
– Attempted compromised
• Why were Luther and his
followers called Protestants?
–Because they Protested against
the Catholic Church
• Why is it said that the
Protestants started a
reformation?
–Because they wanted the Catholic
Church to reform or change
Battle over Lutheranism
• Spread
– N. German
– Escape from Catholic
– Stayed in Germany,
Denmark and Sweden
• Emperor Charles V
– Tried to maintain unity
– Preoccupied with
Ottomans
• Peasants War
– 12 Articles
• End of Serfdom and tithes
• Luther was conservative
• 100,000 died
• N. Germany
– League of Schmalkalden
• Defend against Charles V
• France allied with them
– Habsburg-Valois Wars
• France tries to keep
Germany Divided
The Peasant Revolt - 1525
End of Battle
• Peace of Augsburg
1555
– Ended the struggle
over Lutheranism
– Germans could
choose religion
– Permanent
Religious division
in Germany
• Was not unified
again until 1871
•
Charles V
Spread of Protestantism
• Anabaptists 1535
– Characteristics
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No connection to state
No childhood baptism
Millenarians
Reject Trinity
Left winged protestants
– John of Leyden
(Munster)
• Polygamy (16 wives)
• Women leaders
• All books except bible
burned
• Began killing Lutherans
and Catholics
• Tragedy of Munster
– Armies of Protestant
and Catholic forces
captured and executed
Anabaptists
• Other Anabaptists
– Mennonites
– Quakers
– Unitarians
The Anabaptists
Dutch persecution of Anabaptists
(Mennonites)
• Ulrich Zwingli
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Student of Humanism
Swiss Reformation
Theocracy in Zurich
Eucharist on a symbol
Colloquy of Marburg
• Official split with Luther
John Calvin
• French
• Institutes of Christian
Religion
– Basis of Calvinism
– Predestination
• Geneva
• Militant
• Protestant Work Ethic
John Calvin:
His ideas hit the church with a:
P
O
W
Predestination- God chooses who goes to heaven
• You don’t get there by good works
Our moral lives reveal if we’re chosen by God
Q: What does Calvin say gets people to heaven? Luther
says? Catholic Church says?
Work ethic that honors God
Q: How should Christians work then?
Important Calvin Events
• Calvin is from Switzerland
• He broke from Catholic Church & formed
Calvinist Church
Q: Why would Calvin not be afraid to oppose the
Catholic Church?
• Calvin’s ideas spread to Scotland and then
to North America
Q: What invention would have helped his ideas spread?
• Why were Calvin and his
followers called Protestants?
–Because they Protested against the
Catholic Church
• Why is it said that the
Protestants started a
reformation?
–Because they wanted the Catholic
Church to reform or change
Spread of Calvinism
– John Knox
• Presbyterianism
– Huguenots
– Dutch Reformed
Church
– Puritans
Calvin’s World in the 16c
Protestant
Churches
in
France
(Late 16c)
English Reformation
• Early Reformers
– John Wycliffe
– William Tyndale
• Henry VIII
– Conservative
– Annulment
– Wives
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/sixwives/meet/index.htm
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King Henry VIII
DAD of the Anglican Church
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Divorce: Henry wants one but Pope says “NO.”
Q: Why was Henry so set on a divorce?
Anglican Church- Henry is in charge- No Pope
Did away with Catholic Church’s land and wealth in
England.
English Reformation Events
• Henry’s Church-just like Catholic but no Pope.
• Protestants mad-try to make church not at all
Catholic
• Catholics mad-try to make church not at all like
Protestant
• Elizabeth I – Henry’s daughter combines Catholic
and Protestant.
• Elizabeth I- make Anglican Church the official
church of all of Great Britain.
• Why was Henry called
Protestant?
–Because he Protested against the
Catholic Church
• Why is it said that the
Protestants started a
reformation?
–Because they wanted the Catholic
Church to reform or change
• Church of England
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Break from Catholic
Cardinal Wolsey
Thomas Cranmer
Act of Supremacy
1534
– Pilgrimage of Grace
– Statute of Six Articles
• Edward VI
– 10 Year Old
– Adopted Calvinism
– New Doctrines
• Mary Tudor
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Cathrine of Aragon
Future Heir to Spain
Exiles
Bloody Mary
• Elizabeth
– Anne Boleyn
• Illegitimate (Catholics)
– Development of
Protestantism
– Elizabethan
Settlement
– Thirty-Nine Articles
Women in the Reformation
• Protestant Woman
– Luther: House wives
– Calvin Subjugation
– More control over
marriage
– Companion/love
relationship
– Reading the bible
– Lost church service
– Lost rights to manage
• Catholic Women
– Church and religious
orders
– Angela Merici
– Teresa de Avila
Reformation
Europe
(Late 16c)
The Counter Reformation
The Catholic Church Reformed Its
S. I. N. S.
S.
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
proselytized for Catholic
Church
I.
Inquisition: Church court to punish
Protestant heretics
The inquisition was run by the inquisitor-general, who
established local courts of the Inquisition. Accused
heretics were identified by the general population and
brought before the tribunal. They were given a chance to
confess their heresy against the Catholic Church and
were also encouraged to indict other heretics
If they admitted their wrongs
and turned in other
aggressors against the
church they were either
released or sentenced to a
prison penalty. If they would
not admit their heresy or indict
others the accused were
publicly introduced in a large
ceremony before they were
publicly executed.
N.
No more reckless indulgences.
S.
Stop spread of Protestants:
30 Years’ War
• Hapsburgs (Catholic rulers of the Holy Roman
Empire) fight Protestant princes in Northern
Germany
Q: What Protestant teachings had spread to
princes in Northern Germany?
Counter Reformation
• Pope Paul III
– Improvement through
existing doctrine
• Council of Trent
– Equal Validity,
Scripture, Tradition,
Church Fathers
– 7 Sacraments
– Reforms
– Index of Forbidden
Books
• New Orders
– Jesuits
– Ignatious Loyala
• Inquisitions
– Brought S. Germany
and E. Europe to
Catholicism
– Ursuline Nuns
• Baroque Art
– Glory and Power of
Catholic Church
– Architecture
• Bernini
– Painting
• Carvaggio
• Reubens
• Results
– Unity of Western
Christianity
– Enthusiasm
– Abuses
– Religious Wars