Transcript PowerPoint

Lessons 6 and 7
Day 5
Catholicism Moves
Ahead
Catholic Monarchs
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The Catholic Monarchs (Spanish:
Reyes Católicos)[1] is the joint title
used in history for Queen Isabella I of
Castile[2] and King Ferdinand II of
Aragon.
Their marriage united both crowns
under the same family. John Elliot
and many other historians consider
that the unification of Spain can
essentially be traced back to the
marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella,
but newer historical opinions
recognize that under their rule Spain
was still a composite monarchy.
Castile and Aragon remained largely
separate entities for decades to
come. The court of Ferdinand and
Isabella was constantly on the move,
in order to bolster local support for
the crown from local feudal lords.
The title of "Catholic King and Queen"
was bestowed on them by Pope
Alexander VI in 1496, for defending
Catholic dogmas within their realms.
Portuguese
King John II
ruled 14811495
Reconquista
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The Reconquista ("reconquest")[a][b] is a period
of approximately 781 years in the history of the
Iberian Peninsula, from the first Islamic invasion in
711 to the fall of Granada, the last Islamic state on
the peninsula, in 1492.
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The Reconquista corresponds to, and is named
for, a period of expansion of the Christian states of
the peninsula at the expense of the Muslim states,
collectively known as al-Andalus. It comes after
the period of the Visigothic kingdom, which had
collapsed under pressure from the armies
invading from Africa. These two periods together
constitute the Middle Ages of Iberian history. It
comes before the period of the Portuguese and
Spanish colonial empires after the discovery of the
New World.
•
Traditionally, the Reconquista begins with the
Battle of Covadonga (in either 718 or 722), in
which a Visigothic élite, Pelagius, defeated an
Islamic army and established his authority over a
region in the north of the peninsula, the Kingdom
of Asturias.
Fifth Council of the Lateran
• The Fifth Council of the Lateran (1512–1517)
was the last Ecumenical council of the Catholic
Church before reformation.
• Little was done to put the work of the council into
practice. Whether or not the Protestant
Reformation could have been avoided if the
reforms had been implemented is a matter of
debate. Martin Luther's promulgation of the 95
theses occurred just seven months after the
close of the Council.
Lesson 6:
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Become familiar with the Council of Trent as a response to the Protestant
Reformation
Identify: Counter-Reformation, Teresa of Avila, Council of Trent, Francisco
Ximenez de Cisneros, Inquisition
Understand the Roman Catholic missionary movement from the 16th to the
18th centuries as a background to the beginnings of Christianity in many
countries
Discuss why the Roman Catholics led the way in the missionary efforts in
the 16th and 17th centuries
Analyze the interrelationship between the Roman Catholic Church and
colonization in the expansion of Christianity under the Spanish and
Portuguese
Discuss the rise and organizational development of the Jesuits in the 16th
century. What kind of a person and leader was Ignatius Loyola?
Compare him to Luther and the other Reformers, and identify: Ignatius
Loyola (1495-1556); Spiritual Exercises; Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Compare and contrast the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits in the 16th
and 17th centuries, and critique the orders’ understanding of
“evangelization”
Identify: patronato real
Lesson 7:
• Describe some of the ways Spain and Portugal
evangelized in the Americas, and compare and contrast
the approaches of the Spanish and the Portuguese, and
the Protestants
• Identify Bartolomé de Las Casas
• Better understand the issues of contextualizing the
gospel today in their own contexts, and better
understand the issues involved in accepting or rejecting
cultural customs
• Identify: Francis Xavier (1506-52), Domingo Salazar
(1512-94), Alejandro Valignano (1539- 1606), Matteo
Ricci (1552-1610), Robert De Nobili, (1577-1656), Adam
Schall (1592-1666), the Shimabara Rebellion (1637-38),
the Rites Controversy
• Understand reasons for the early growth of Christianity in
various countries
The Counter-Reformation
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(also the Catholic Revival[1] or Catholic Reformation) was the period of
Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending
at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), which is sometimes considered
a response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a
comprehensive effort composed of four major elements:
Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration
Religious orders
Spiritual movements
Political dimensions
Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training
of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the
reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and
new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal
relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French
school of spirituality. It also involved political activities that included the
Roman Inquisition.
Council of Trent
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The Council of Trent (Latin: Concilium
Tridentinum) was an Ecumenical Council of
the Catholic Church. It is considered to be
one of the Church's most important
councils.[1] It convened in Trento, Italy, then
the capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Trent of
the Holy Roman Empire, between 13
December 1545, and 4 December 1563 in
twenty-five sessions for three periods. During
the pontificate of Pope Paul III, the Council
fathers met for the first eight sessions in
Trento (1545–47), and for the ninth to
eleventh sessions in Bologna (1547).[2]
Under Pope Julius III, the Council met in
Trento (1551–52) for the twelfth to sixteenth
sessions, and under Pope Pius IV, the
seventeenth to twenty-fifth sessions took
place in Trento (1559–63).
The Council issued condemnations on what it
defined as Protestant heresies at the time of
the Reformation and defined Church
teachings in the areas of Scripture and
Tradition, Original Sin, Justification,
Sacraments, the Eucharist in Holy Mass and
the veneration of saints. It issued numerous
reform decrees.[3] By specifying Catholic
doctrine on salvation, the sacraments, and
the Biblical canon, the Council was
answering Protestant disputes.[1] The
Council entrusted to the Pope the
implementation of its work; as a result, Pope
Pius IV issued the Tridentine Creed in 1565;
and Pope Pius V issued in 1566 the Roman
Catechism, in 1568 a revised Roman
Breviary, and in 1570 a revised Roman
Missal. Through these the Tridentine Mass
was standardised (named after the city's
Latin name Tridentum). In 1592, Pope
Clement VIII issued a revised edition of the
Vulgate Bible.[4]
The Council of Trent, delayed and interrupted
several times because of political or religious
disagreements, was a major reform council; it
was an embodiment of the ideals of the
Counter-Reformation.[4] More than 300 years
passed until the next Ecumenical Council.
When announcing Vatican II, Pope John
XXIII stated that the precepts of the Council
of Trent continue to the modern day, a
position that was reaffirmed by Pope Paul
VI.[5]
Become familiar with the Council
of Trent (1547) as a response to
the Protestant Reformation
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Not just one council
Formed several times to deal with schism (breaking) and Protestant concerns
Scripture and Tradition are equally valid for finding truth.
The Church is the only authority to interpret Scripture
Latin is the authorized version of the Bible
Seven sacraments
Laity will only have bread during communion
People have free will
Good works must follow conversion or conversion did not really happen
10 Commandments are important and cannot be thrown away
Christ was law giver (not law breaker) as well as Redeemer
Said once saved always saves was false doctrine
There are more sins that lead to hell than just unbelief.
Transubstantiation of the elements is true (Christ's body and blood really is there).
Latin Mass was important (no use of vernacular)
Purgatory exists
The Roman Pope is the head of the church (this was disputed)
Abolished indulgences
Said clergy could not be married (this also was disputed)
Teresa of Ávila
• also called Saint Teresa of Jesus, baptized as Teresa
Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada, (March 28, 1515 –
October 4, 1582) was a prominent Spanish mystic,
Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun, writer of the
Counter Reformation, and theologian of contemplative life
through mental prayer. She was a reformer of the
Carmelite Order and is considered to be a founder of the
Discalced Carmelites along with John of the Cross.
• In 1622, forty years after her death, she was canonized by
Pope Gregory XV and in September 27, 1970 was named
a Doctor of the Church by Pope Paul VI.[6] Her books,
which include her autobiography (The Life of Teresa of
Jesus) and her seminal work El Castillo Interior (trans.:
The Interior Castle) are an integral part of Spanish
Renaissance literature as well as Christian mysticism and
Christian meditation practices as she entails in her other
important work, Camino de Perfección (trans.: The Way of
Perfection).
Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
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, O.F.M. (1436 – November 8, 1517), known as Ximénes de
Cisneros in his own lifetime, was a Spanish cardinal and
statesman.[1] Starting from humble beginnings he rose to the
heights of power becoming a religious reformer, twice regent of
Spain, Cardinal, Grand Inquisitor, missionary of the Moors,
promoted the Crusades in North Africa, and founded the
Complutense University (currently the largest in Spain). Among
his literary works he is best known for funding the
Complutensian Polyglot Bible, the first printed polyglot of the
entire Bible. He also edited and published the first printed
editions of the missal (in 1500) and the breviary (in 1502) of the
Mozarabic rite and established a chapel with a college of thirteen
priests to celebrate the Mozarabic divine office and mass each
day in the Cathedral of Toledo.
Cardinal Cisneros' life coincided with and greatly influenced a
dynamic period in Spanish history during the reign of Ferdinand
II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile when Spain underwent
many significant changes, leading it into its prominent role in the
Golden Age of Empire (1500–1700). Modern historian John
Elliott said as far as any particular policies that can be attributed
to Spain's rise "they were those of Ferdinand and Cardinal
Cisneros."
Inquisition
• The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the judicial system of the
Roman Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy. It started in
12th-century France to combat the spread of religious sectarianism, in
particular the Cathars and the Waldensians. This Medieval Inquisition
persisted into the 14th century, from the 1250s associated with the
Dominican Order. In the early 14th century, two other movements
attracted the attention of the Inquisition, the Knights Templar and the
Beguines.
• At the end of the Middle Ages, the concept and scope of the Inquisition
was significantly expanded, now in the historical context of the turmoils of
the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Its
geographic scope was expanded to other European countries,[1] as well
as throughout the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas, Asia
and Africa.[2] Its focus now came to include the persecution of sorcery (an
aspect almost entirely absent from the Medieval Inquisition), making it
one of the agents in the Early Modern witch-hunts.
• The institution persisted after the end of the witch-trial period in the 18th
century, but was abolished outside of the Papal States after the
Napoleonic wars. The institution survives as part of the Roman Curia, but
it was renamed to Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office in
1904.
Patronato Real – Divided World
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
Patronato Real
System where the monarchs controlled the
religious practice in their countries.
They gave land rewards to those who were
loyal, which made monks, priests, etc.,
try to be very loyal.
However, this also meant that spiritual
leaders often wasted lots of time trying to
make sure their lands were productive
rather than harvesting souls.
It also decreased loyalty to the Pope and
increased loyalty to the crown.
Conquistadors
• Conquistadors (/kɒn.ˈkiːstədɔrz/; from
Spanish conquistadores
[koŋkistaˈðoɾes], "conquerors") were
soldiers, explorers, and adventurers at
the service of the Spanish Empire and
Portuguese Empire.
• The name derived from the
Reconquista (completed in 1492), the
reconquest of the territory of the
Iberian Peninsula that had been
controlled by various Muslim states
(known through much of that time as
Al-Andalus).
• They sailed beyond Europe,
conquering territory and opening trade
routes. They colonized much of the
world for Spain and Portugal in the
15th, 16th, and 17th centuries.
Patronato System
• The Patronato (literally: "Patronage") system in Spain (and a similar
padroado system in Portugal) was the expression of royal patronage
controlling major appointments of Church officials and the
management of Church revenues, under terms of concordats with
the Holy See. The resulting structure of royal power and
ecclesiastical privileges, was formative in the Spanish colonial
empire. It resulted in a characteristic constant intermingling of trade,
politics, and religion.[1]
• The counterweight to the patronato system was provided by Jesuit
missions, whose allegiance lay with the hierarchy of their Order,
directly responsible to the Pope. The beneficiaries of the Portuguese
padroado opposed the authority of the vicars apostolic in the Asian
missions.
• In the successor states to the colonial empires, the conservative
Establishment of Church and ruling class continues to be referred to
as the patronato.
Understand the Roman Catholic missionary movement
from the 16th to the 18th centuries as a background to
the beginnings of Christianity in many countries.
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Portugal and Spain were the only ones allowed to explore or
evangelize America and Africa.
The world was divided between Portugal and Spain.
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Spain got the Americas
Portugal got Africa and Brazil
The two countries used politics combined with religion to
spread Christianity. This led to abuses as leaders were not as
spiritual, and many workers were going to the Americas just to
get rich, not to evangelize.
As time went on the two countries became more burdened
with mission work and it declined as finances declined.
This led to the formation of other Catholic groups that would
go and work alongside the current missions.
Understand the Roman Catholic missionary movement
from the 16th to the 18th centuries as a background to
the beginnings of Christianity in many countries.
– Many missionaries did not like the slavery and conditions that
the Indians were forced into. (Bartolome de las Casas)
– But the Patronato Real (dividing the new world between Spain
and Portugal) system allowed kings and queens to give land,
slaves, and wealth to those who served them well, including
religious leaders. So there was lots of pressure not to get rid of
slavery, and to continue to mistreat the Indians.
– Indians were not trained up to take religious leadership.
– Indians were treated like children, not respected, and not given
opportunities.
– Indians were taken advantage of in "encomiendas" - plantations.
• Slaves were brought by Spain from the Portuguese
African nations
Discuss why the Roman Catholics led
the way in the missionary efforts in the
16th and 17th centuries
– The reformation allowed the new orders to
become aggressive about spreading their
version of the Gospel so that Protestant
influence would be small.
– As the Spanish and Portuguese met new
people in new places there was an interest
in helping them know Christ. During the
Middle Ages there was not much focus
outside of Europe.
Analyze the interrelationship between the Roman
Catholic Church and colonization in the expansion of
Christianity under the Spanish and Portuguese
– At first the Roman Catholic Church
supported Spain and Portugal and just
asked them to go and evangelize and take
charge.
– Over time abuses and a decline in interest in
missions work led to more support of the
mission by Rome itself.
– Overall Catholic missions seemed to be
sending Europeans to do everything
overseas, and not training up local people to
do the work.
Discuss the rise and organizational development
of the Jesuits in the 16th century. What kind of a
person and leader was Ignatius Loyola?
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Ignatius Loyala began the Jesuit movement which
was: militant, committed, loyal to the Pope and not
monarchs, and religiously empowered.
Jesuits tried to allow local customs and ideas to
stay the same and introduced Christianity with as
little change to culture as necessary. Other orders
seemed to demand becoming like Europeans in
order to be saved.
Loyola believed that intelligence and belief can work
together to produce amazing works in the lives of
people. He also believed in loyalty as a key quality,
and pledged his loyalty top the Pope.
Ignatius of Loyola
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(Basque: Ignazio Loiolakoa, Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola) (ca.
October 27, 1491[1] – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight
from a local Basque noble family, hermit, priest since 1537,
and theologian, who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
and, on 19 April 1541, became its first Superior General.[2]
Ignatius emerged as a religious leader during the CounterReformation. Loyola's devotion to the Catholic Church was
characterized by absolute obedience to the Pope.[3]
After being seriously wounded in the Battle of Pamplona in
1521, he underwent a spiritual conversion while in recovery.
De Vita Christi by Ludolph of Saxony inspired Loyola to
abandon his previous military life and devote himself to
labour for God, following the example of spiritual leaders
such as Francis of Assisi. He experienced a vision of the
Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus while at the shrine of Our
Lady of Montserrat in March 1522. Thereafter he went to
Manresa, where he began praying for seven hours a day,
often in a nearby cave, while formulating the fundamentals of
the Spiritual Exercises. In September 1523, Loyola reached
the Holy Land to settle there, but was sent back to Europe by
the Franciscans.
Between 1524 and 1537, Ignatius studied theology and Latin
in the University of Alcalá and then in Paris. In 1534, he
arrived in the latter city during a period of anti-Protestant
turmoil which forced John Calvin to flee France. Ignatius and
a few followers bound themselves by vows of poverty,
chastity, and obedience. In 1539, they formed the Society of
Jesus, approved in 1540 by Pope Paul III, as well as his
Spiritual Exercises approved in 1548. Loyola also composed
the Constitutions of the Society. He died in July 1556, was
beatified by Pope Paul V in 1609, canonized by Pope
Gregory XV in 1622, and declared patron of all spiritual
retreats by Pope Pius XI in 1922. Ignatius' feast day is
celebrated on July 31. Ignatius is a foremost patron saint of
soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, and the
provinces of Gipuzkoa and Biscay.[4]
Compare him to Luther and the
other Reformers
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Loyola believed in loyalty to the church - of course he lived
during the counter-reformation time so there was more hope of
positive change within the church.
Luther wanted reform, but was rejected, then
excommunicated. Luther then wanted no part or reunion with
the Catholic Church.
Calvin and Zwingli might have been slightly interested in
reuniting, but change in the Catholic Church was so slow that
it discouraged reunion.
Erasmus wanted reform, but wanted to do so within
the church, and was not string enough to stand up and
fight. He stayed quiet and had lesser impact and was
distrusted by all sides
Lesson 7:
• Describe some of the ways Spain and Portugal
evangelized in the Americas, and compare and contrast
the approaches of the Spanish and the Portuguese, and
the Protestants
• Identify Bartolomé de Las Casas
• Better understand the issues of contextualizing the
gospel today in their own contexts, and better
understand the issues involved in accepting or rejecting
cultural customs
• Identify: Francis Xavier (1506-52), Domingo Salazar
(1512-94), Alejandro Valignano (1539- 1606), Matteo
Ricci (1552-1610), Robert De Nobili, (1577-1656), Adam
Schall (1592-1666), the Shimabara Rebellion (1637-38),
the Rites Controversy
• Understand reasons for the early growth of Christianity in
various countries
Describe some of the ways Spain and Portugal evangelized in the
Americas, and compare and contrast the approaches of the
Spanish and the Portuguese, and the Protestants
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See last lesson for Spanish and Portuguese.
Protestants were mostly in Northern Europe. They
were not part of the expanding kingdoms of Spain,
Portugal and France, and therefore had little contact
with other cultures and people that did not know
about Christ.
Protestants were busy fighting each other over who
had the best doctrine, the "right" doctrine, and were
thus unable to think much about foreign missions.
Many Protestant leaders showed no interest in
foreign missions. Many believed that if God wanted
foreign people saved, He was more than capable of
doing it Himself -no need for us to help!
Bartolomé de Las Casas:
– Spanish monk that realized many things
were not right with the encomienda
(plantation) system.
– He decided to fight against the slavery of
Indians, the mistreatment of Indians, and
fight for the equality of Indians.
Better understand the issues of contextualizing the gospel today
in their own contexts, and better understand the issues involved in
accepting or rejecting cultural customs
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How has the Christian message been made
to fit Solomon island lifestyle?
Is "custom" and "Christian" in opposition to
each other, or can you be "custom" and
"Christian?"
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Do these two systems have much in common?
List what they have in common.
Are these two systems in conflict? If so, list
reasons why.
Should there be a wall between the two?
Explain why.
Francis Xavier
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Francis Xavier, born Francisco de Jasso y
Azpilicueta (7 April 1506 – 3 December 1552),
was a Roman Catholic missionary born in
Xavier, Kingdom of Navarre (now part of
Spain), and co-founder of the Society of
Jesus.
He was a student of Ignatius of Loyola and
one of the first seven Jesuits, dedicated at
Montmartre in 1534.[1]
He led an extensive mission into Asia, mainly
in the Portuguese Empire of the time.
He was influential in the spreading and
upkeep of Catholicism most notably in India,
but also ventured into Japan, Borneo, the
Maluku Islands, and other areas which had
thus far not been visited by Christian
missionaries.
In these areas, being a pioneer and struggling
to learn the local languages in the face of
opposition, he had less success than he had
enjoyed in India.
It was a goal of Xavier to one day reach
China.
Spanish Armada
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The Spanish Armada (Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada or
Armada Invencible, literally "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or
"Invincible Fleet") was the Spanish fleet that sailed against
England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia in
1588, with the intention of overthrowing Elizabeth I of England
and putting an end to her involvement in the Spanish
Netherlands and in privateering in the Atlantic and Pacific.
The Armada reached and anchored outside Gravelines, but,
while awaiting communications from the Duke of Parma's army,
it was driven out by an English fire ship attack. In the ensuing
battle, the Spanish fleet was forced to abandon its rendezvous.
The Armada managed to regroup and withdraw north, with the
English fleet harrying it for some distance up the east coast of
England. The commander decided that the fleet should return to
Spain; it sailed around Scotland and Ireland, but severe storms
disrupted it. More than 24 vessels were wrecked on the western
coasts of Ireland. Of the fleet's initial 130 ships, about fifty never
returned to Spain.[citation needed]
The expedition was the largest engagement of the undeclared
Anglo–Spanish War (1585–1604). The following year England
organised a similar large-scale campaign against Spain, the
Drake-Norris Expedition, also known as the Counter Armada of
1589, which was unsuccessful.
Thinkers and Reformers
Augustine of Hippo
• Augustine of Hippo (/ɔːˈɡʌstɨn/[1][2] or
/ˈɔːɡəstɪn/;[2] Latin: Aurelius Augustinus
Hipponensis;[3] 13 November 354 – 28
August 430), also known as Saint
Augustine or Saint Austin,[4] was an
early Christian theologian whose writings
are considered very influential in the
development of Western Christianity and
Western philosophy. He was bishop of
Hippo Regius (present-day Annaba,
Algeria) located in the Roman province
of Africa. Writing during the Patristic Era,
he is viewed as one of the most
important Church Fathers. Among his
most important works are City of God
and Confessions, which continue to be
read widely today.
Thomas Aquinas
• He was the foremost classical
proponent of natural theology, and
the father of Thomism. His influence
on Western thought is considerable,
and much of modern philosophy was
conceived in development or
refutation of his ideas, particularly in
the areas of ethics, natural law,
metaphysics, and political theory. The
works for which he is best known are
the Summa Theologica and the
Summa contra Gentiles.
Franciscans
• Franciscans are those people and groups (religious orders) who adhere
to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of Saint Francis of Assisi. The
term is usually applied to members who also adhere to the Roman
Catholic Church. However, other denominations also have members
who self describe as Franciscan. They include Old Catholic, Anglican,
Lutheran.
• The most prominent group is the Order of Friars Minor, commonly called
simply the "Franciscans". They seek to follow most directly the manner
of life that Saint Francis led. This Order is a mendicant religious order of
men tracing their origin to Francis of Assisi. It comprises three separate
groups, each considered a religious order in its own right. These are the
Observants, most commonly simply called "Franciscan friars", the
Capuchins, and the Conventual Franciscans. They all live according to a
body of regulations known as "The Rule of St. Francis".[1]
Dominican Order
• Founded to preach the Gospel and to
combat heresy, the order is famed for
its intellectual tradition, having
produced many leading theologians
and philosophers.[citation needed]
The Dominican Order is headed by
the Master of the Order, who is
currently Father Bruno Cadoré.[2]
Members of the order generally carry
the letters O.P., standing for Ordinis
Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order
of Preachers, after their names.
Dominicans
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Dominicans, is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by the
Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France, and
approved by Pope Honorius III (1216–27) on 22 December
1216. Membership in the Order includes friars,[1] nuns, active
sisters, and lay or secular Dominicans (formerly known as
tertiaries) affiliated with the Order.
Founded to preach the Gospel and to combat heresy, the order
is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many
leading theologians and philosophers.
– In England and other countries the Dominican friars are referred to
as Black Friars because of the black cappa or cloak they wear over
their white habits.[5] Dominicans were Blackfriars, as opposed to
Whitefriars (for example, the Carmelites) or Greyfriars (for example,
Franciscans). They are also distinct from the Augustinian Friars (the
Austin friars) who wear a similar habit.
– In France, the Dominicans were known as Jacobins, because their
convent in Paris was attached to the church of Saint-Jacques-duHaut-Pas,[6] (St. James) Sanctus Jacobus in Latin.
– Their identification as Dominicans gave rise to the pun that they
were the Domini canes, or Hounds of the Lord.
Society of Jesus
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The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu, S.J., SJ or SI) is a Christian
male religious order of the Roman Catholic Church. The members are
called Jesuits. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic
ministry in 112 nations on six continents. Jesuits work in education
(founding schools, colleges, universities and seminaries), intellectual
research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in
hospitals and parishes and promote social justice and ecumenical
dialogue.
•
Ignatius of Loyola founded the society after being wounded in battle and
experiencing a religious conversion. He composed the Spiritual
Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ. In 1534,
Ignatius and six other young men, including Francis Xavier and Bl. Peter
Faber, gathered and professed vows of poverty, chastity, and later
obedience, including a special vow of obedience to the Pope. Rule 13 of
Ignatius's Rules for Thinking with the Church said: "That we may be
altogether of the same mind and in conformity [...], if [the Church] shall
have defined anything to be black which to our eyes appears to be white,
we ought in like manner to pronounce it to be black."[2] Ignatius's plan of
the order's organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by the
bull containing the "Formula of the Institute".
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Because of the military background of Ignatius and the members'
willingness to accept orders anywhere in the world and to live in extreme
conditions where required, the opening lines of this founding document
would declare that the Society of Jesus was founded for "whoever
desires to serve as a soldier of God"[3] (Spanish: "todo el que quiera
militar para Dios"),[4] "to strive especially for the defense and
propagation of the faith and for the progress of souls in Christian life and
doctrine."[5] Therefore Jesuits are sometimes referred to colloquially as
"God's Soldiers"[6] or "God's Marines".[7] The Society participated in the
Counter-Reformation and later in the implementation of the Second
Vatican Council in the Catholic Church.
The Spiritual Exercises
• The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola,
(composed from 1522-1524) are a set of Christian
meditations, prayers and mental exercises, divided
into four thematic 'weeks' of variable length,
designed to be carried out over a period of 28 to 30
days.[1] (four major themes: sin, the life of Jesus, the
Passion of Jesus, and the Resurrection of Jesus).
They were composed with the intention of helping
the retreatant to discern Jesus in his life, leading him
or her to a personal commitment to follow him.
Though the underlying spiritual outlook is Catholic,
the exercises can also be undertaken by nonCatholics. The 'Spiritual Exercises' booklet was
formally approved in 1548 by Paul III.[2]
Thomas Cajetan
• (pronounced Ca-'je-tan), also known as Gaetanus,
commonly Tommaso de Vio (20 February 1469 - 9
August 1534), was an Italian philosopher, theologian,
cardinal (from 1517 until his death) and the Master of the
Order of Preachers 1508-18. He was a leading
theologian of his day who is now best known as the
spokesman for Catholic opposition to the teachings of
Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation while he
was the Pope's Legate in Wittenberg, and perhaps also
among Catholics for his extensive commentary on the
Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas.[1]
John Colet
• John Colet (January 1467 – 10 September
1519) was an English churchman and
educational pioneer.
• Colet was an English scholar, Renaissance
humanist, theologian, and Dean of St. Paul’s
Cathedral, London. Colet wanted people to
see the scripture as their guide through life.
Furthermore, he wanted to restore theology
and rejuvenate Christianity. Colet is an
important early leader of Christian humanism
as he linked humanism and reform. Colet
influenced Erasmus, a key figure in Christian
humanism.
Gasparo Contarini
• Gasparo Contarini (16
October 1483 – 24
August 1542) was an
Italian diplomat, cardinal
and Bishop of Belluno.
He was one of the first
proponents of the
dialogue with
Protestants, after the
Reformation.
Pope Paul III
• Pope Paul III (Latin: Paulus III; 29 February
1468 – 10 November 1549), born Alessandro
Farnese, was the head of the Catholic
Church from 13 October 1534 to his death in
1549. He came to the papal throne in an era
following the sack of Rome in 1527 and rife
with uncertainties in the Catholic Church
following the Protestant Reformation. During
his pontificate, and in the spirit of the
Counter-Reformation, new Catholic religious
orders and societies, such as the Jesuits, the
Barnabites, and the Congregation of the
Oratory, attracted a popular following. He
convened the Council of Trent in 1545. He
was a significant patron of the arts and
employed nepotism to advance the power
and fortunes of his family. It is to Pope Paul
III that Nicolaus Copernicus dedicated De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the
Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres).
Pope Sixtus V
• Pope Sixtus V or Xystus V (13 December 1521 – 27 August 1590),
born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was the head of the Catholic Church
from 24 April 1585 to his death in 1590.[1][2] He is the last Pope to
take the name "Sixtus" upon his election.
• As Sixtus lay on his death bed, he was loathed by his political
subjects, but history has recognized him as a significant figure in the
Counter Reformation. On the negative side, he could be impulsive,
obstinate, severe, and autocratic. On the positive side, he was open
to large ideas and threw himself into his undertakings with great
energy and determination. This often led to success. His pontificate
saw great enterprises and great achievements. He slept little and
worked hard. Having inherited a bankrupt treasury, he administered
his funds with competence and care, and left five million crowns in
the coffers of the Holy See at his death.
Questions
• 1. Read one of the parables of Jesus. Write it as
if Jesus was born in your home town and visiting
back in your home town.
• 2. Write what you know about how missionaries
did the right thing and then write about how they
did the wrong things here in your country.
• 3. If you were sent as a missionary to New
Caledonia, which kind of missionary style would
you use?
Quiz
Comparison
Topic
Calvinism
Lutheranism
Arminianism
Human will
Total Depravity
without free will
permanently due to
divine sovereignty
Total Depravity
without free will
until spiritual
regeneration
Depravity does not
prevent free will
Election
Unconditional
election to
salvation with those
outside the elect
foreordained to
damnation (doublepredestination)[168]
Unconditional
predestination to
salvation for the
elect
Conditional election
in view of foreseen
faith or unbelief
Justification
Justification is
limited to those
predestined to
salvation,
completed at
Christ's death
Justification by faith
alone, completed at
Christ's death.
Justification made
possible for all
through Christ's
death, but only
completed upon
choosing faith in
Jesus
Conversion
Monergistic,
through the inner
calling of the Holy
Spirit, irresistible
Monergistic,
through the means
of grace, resistible
Synergistic,
resistible due to the
common grace of
free will
Preservation and
apostasy
Perseverance of
the saints: the
eternally elect in
Christ will
necessarily
persevere in faith
Falling away is
possible, but God
gives assurance of
preservation.
Preservation is
conditional upon
continued faith in
Christ; with the
possibility of a final
apostasy.