Transcript chapter 13 notes - Mona Shores Public Schools

A New Civilization Emerges in
Western Europe
Chapter 10
Postclassical Europe
Postclassical/ Middle Ages
 Period
of great faith-Islam and
Christianity
 Christian missionaries spread message
north.
 Europe grows in participation of trade
 Europeans learned of technologies and
scholarship from these contacts
(Africans, Asians, Muslims, Byzantines
Problems
 Rome
was the center of the Church and
the Church was the most powerful
institution in West
 Poor education due to focus on farming
and weak regional rulers
 Frequent invasions created instability
Section 1:Charlemagne





Middle Ages or
Medieval period 5001300: after fall of Rome,
Europe remained
fragmented
Disruption in trade,
downfall of cities, and
population shifts
Germanic invaders who
stormed Rome were not
well educated and the
level of learning sank
No written language
As Germans began to
mix with the Romans
language changed


Dialects popped up
and various
languages appeared
like French and
Spanish
Germanic kingdoms
rose in place of the
Roman Empire
Charlemagne




In Gaul the Franks
emerged under their
leader, Clovis
Clovis adopted
Christianity due to God
helping him in battle in
496 CE and to gain
prestige over pagan
rivals
By 600 the Church and
Frankish rulers helped
to convert many
Germanic peoples
Church created
religious communities,
monasteries, for rural
areas



Monks gave up all
worldly possessions
and became servants of
God
He used the Church’s
money to raise armies,
repair roads, and help
the poor
All western and central
Europe fell under the
Pope’s control and
authority
Charlemagne

Europe fell into
small kingdoms after
the fall of the
Roman Empire
 The strongest was
in the area of Gaul
under the leadership
of Clovis (Franks)

He expanded the
empire and defeated
the Muslims at the
Battles of Tours in
732 –this kept
Europe Christian!
 Muslims had been
invaded via Spain
CLOVIS
CHARLES
MARTEL
CHARLEMANGE
Charlemagne



800 He built an empire
greater than anything
since Rome: France,
Spain, and Germany
 Pope Leo III granted
Charlemagne the title of
Roman emperor for
fighting off unruly nobles
in Rome
 This united Germanic
kings and the Church


He limited the authority of the
nobles, strengthened his powers,
and traveled throughout his empire
He encouraged learning and
opened a palace school for his
many children
814 his son, Louis the Pious
became emperor-he was an
ineffective ruler and concerned
more with religion
Pious’ 3 sons fought each other for
the empire. It was split into 3
kingdoms after the civil war in the
Treaty of Verdun in 843
Section 2: Feudalism


The destabilization that
the civil war caused
brought Europe into
new political turmoil and
led to the development
of feudalism
 Feudalism is a political
system based on land
ownership and personal
loyalty
 At this weakened state
Europe was then
attacked by invaders:
Vikings, Magyars, and
Muslims



Vikings(Norsemen)
sailed from Scandinavia
to Europe down
waterways to raid
villages and towns
They carried out these
raids with terrifying
speed and by the time
local troop arrived the
Vikings were long gone
Viking warships allowed
for these raids…could
hold as many as 300
warriors
They looted villages
and monasteries, were
Section 2: Feudalism





Vikings were also
known to go as far as
Russia on raids
They are also credited
with reaching the
Americas
Vikings gradually began
to accept Christianity
and as this happened
the raids decreased
Climate warming
combined with this to
allow for increased
farming in Scandinavia
At the same time
Muslims attacked
from the south
 These invasions
caused disruption of
trade, political
disorder, and
suffering
Section 2: Feudalism

These attacks led to the
development of a new
political system called
feudalism-power was
based on land
ownership and loyalty
Lord
gives
Land
(fief)
vassal
Loyalty and military
service
King
Church/ clergy
nobles
knights
Peasants/ serfs
New economic and urban vigor
 New
agricultural techniques: 3 field crop
rotation, no chock horse collars, and the
moldboard plow (deeper soil)
 Elite defined by landownership and
military powers
Feudal Monarchies -expand powers
 After
the breakup of Charlemagne's
empire kings of France and England
sought to increase their powers
Magna Carta/ Parliament




June 15, 1215
Nobles wanted to safeguard their own feudal rights
and limit the king’s power. In later years the people
argued that the Magna Carta covered all classes and
applied to each citizen
Guaranteed that nobles had certain rights, forced the
monarch to obey the laws, monarchy agreed not to
raise new taxes without first consulting the Great
Council, protecting people from arbitrary arrest,
imprisonment, and other legal actions…led to due
process of the law, set the basis for habeas corpus
the principle that no person can be held in prison
without first being charged for a crime [Habeas
Corpus later clarified and defined in the Petition of
Right in 1628 and the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679]
included no taxation without representation, a jury
trial, and the protection of the law.
100 Years War
1337-1453

1328 Charles IV of
France died childless
 Charles had a sister:
Queen Isabella of
England
 Struggle over French
dynastic succession
Causes of the war:



English king’s
status as vassal of
the French king for
his territories in
Gascony
English support for
urban rebellions in
Flanders against the
king of France
English king’s claim
to the throne of
France after the end
of the Capetian
dynasty in 1314
Black Death
 The
disease was carried by fleas on
Charles IV
infected rats, who would bite
humans. Once bitten the person
would develop a high fever, begin
coughing, and develop painful
swelling in lymph nodes of the groin
or armpits. Final stage was vomiting
blood
 Spread bubonic and pneumonic
(person to person)
Rural Life/ Trade









Peasant lives had improved during this time period. Still
manorialism existed some peasants were almost free
farmers while others were constrained.
Urban growth led to more specialized manufacturing and
commercial activities. Banking grew as long distance trade
grew. Italy, Germany, Low countries, France, and Britain
key area. (Greed not a Christian idea). Use of money
spread.
Trade within Europe and the greater world
Spices from Asia
Timber and grain from the north for cloth and metal
products from Italy and Low Countries
England-wool industry
Hanseatic League-cites in n. Germany and Scandinavia
grouped together to encourage trade
Supported new business ventures at great risk (pirates,
lost a sea) with fortune to be gained or lost
Formation of Joint stock companies where merchants
came together to invest in an activity
Decline of Medieval Synthesis
 Hundred
Years War: war between
France and England over control of
lands. France won, but no one really
one. Exhausted both countries and
accidentally helped France b/c the state
took over lands without heirs (they died
in the war). In England it led to a civil
war. War of the Roses!
Strain
Agricultural problems…limited lands and
methods that led to famine.
 Plagues-black plague
 Social conflict between nobles and peasants
 Church weakened by Babylonian captivity
and the great schism. People began
preaching against the Church structure and
some women claimed a direct emotional
relationship with God. (heretics!)
 Some intellectual and artistic were declared
heretical by the Church

serfs
Section 3: Chivalry

During Middle Ages,
nobles fought one
another, keeping
Europe fragmented for
centuries
 Through warfare feudal
lords defended their
estates, seized new
territories, and
increased their wealth
 Role of the warrior was
very prized in this
society


Knights had a code of
chivalry: a complex set
of ideals, demanded
that a knight fight
bravely in defense of
three masters: feudal
lord, the Lord, and his
chosen lady
Knights fought bravely
in tournaments to show
their training and
hopefully pick up lands
Section 4: The Church




Amid weak
governments and feudal
states stood the
Church-the most
powerful institution
During this time the
powers of the Church
were growing
Accordingly the
emperor or kings should
submit to the powers of
the pope/ Church
Many clashes over
powers between the
state and Church
emerged

Structure of the
Church similar to
that of society
during this time
Pope
Bishops
priests
Section 4: The Church




During the state of
constant warfare the
Church provided
stability and leadership
for medieval society
Religious officials
provided the
sacraments or
important religious
ceremonies that paved
the way for salvation
Religion became the
social center
The Church also had
laws-canon law-in areas
such as marriage and
religion



Popes got people,
including kings, to obey
them by the use of
excommunication!
Following the death of
Charlemagne the Holy
Roman Empire
(Germany) emerged as
the kingdom strongest
from his line
The H.R.E. and the
pope developed a
special relationship-Otto
I and People Leo III
Section 4:



Church became fearful of
kings powers over lay
investiture -a ceremony in
which kings and nobles
appointed (invested) church
officials-they yielded real
power over the Church
1073 Pope Gregory VII
made reforms-limited
secular influences – lay
investiture, no marriage for
priests, banned simony
Gregory vs. Henry IV of
H.R.E.- Pope
excommunicated Henry IV
and headed north to crown
a new emperor so Henry
asked for forgiveness






Resulted was the Concordat of
Worms in 1122: the Church alone
could choose a bishop yet the
emperor had the veto power to
prevent the appointment of a
bishop
1152 German princes elected
Frederick I “Barbarossa” emperor
He launched attacks on rich
lands-resources
Angered Italian merchants.
Formed an alliance against
Frederick I (Lombard League)
1176 meet at the Battle of
Legnano-lost to Lombard League
and forces of the Pope
(Alexander III)
Result-weakened German state
due to picking emperors and
continued clashes with the
Church
Pope Gregory VII
The Roman Catholic Church


There was only one
church in the Middle
Ages in Western
Europe (Roman
Catholic), which held
power both over kings
and countries. In the
late Middle Ages the
church began to lose
its powers:
Babylonian Captivity
(Jewish) and Great
Schism (1054) are
also earlier events




Babylonian Captivity: 1304-1374
popes lived in Avignon in
southeastern France (away
from Rome). French kings
influenced the pope and the
church. Ended with the death of
pope Gregory XI in 1377
Great Schism: various popes at
same time 1377-1415 –
succession crisis! Ended with
the election of pope Martin V
Conciliar Movement: reform the
church by assemblies
(constitutional)
John Wycliffe precursor of the
Reformation-scriptures alone
should be the standard for
Christian belief

Wycliffe attacked the
doctrinal and political
bases of the Church.
He was against the
selling of indulgences,
stated the sacraments
were only as good as
the priest, Eucharist
was spiritually, and
salvation depended on
predestination. He
attacked the Church’s
right to wealth and
luxury which made the
English monarchy
happy and thus he was
protected. His followers
were called Lollards.

Jan Hus-rejected much of
what Wycliffe thought, but
did agree that indulgences
were not good. He called
for Church reform of
liturgy and morals. Both
pope XXIII and Bohemian
king Wenceslas IV were
outraged! Hus was
excommunicated and
found guilty of heresy. He
was burned at the stake!
His followers were called
Hussites