Transcript Life in Europe after the Romans

Life in Europe
after the Romans
Preview and Processing
1. What did the Roman Empire provide?
2. How did nations develop after the fall of
the empire?
3. What were some of the obstacles to
nation building?
4. What system was developed to combat
the lack of government structure and
barbarian invasions?
Ostrogoth Helmet
Vandals
Visigoths
Who were the barbarians?
• Angles, Visigoths, Franks, Saxons,
Jutes, Ostrogoths
– People fled to the country
– Illiterate; priests kept records
– Barbarian lang. blended w/ Latin wh/
= Romance Lang. wh/ = lang. barrier
What role did the Roman Catholic Church play in
offering stability and protection to the people?
• Gave the people hope and structure
• As a result, the church gained tremendous
power and wealth
• St. Patrick
• Benedict
– Monasteries
• Scholastica
– Convents
• twins; died in the same year & are buried in
same grave
St. Patrick
Making the Connection
Homework
1. What is St. Patrick
credited for doing in
Ireland?
2. What is at least one of
the legends that has
evolved from St.
Patrick’s work in
Ireland?
Making the Connection
• How is Benedict
referenced today by
the RCC?
Pope Benedict
XVI
Justinian
• Gregory I: became
Pope 540 and made
the office both
political and religious
• This affected the
leadership of
European nations
because leaders
needed to please the
people and the Pope
(God)
Who was the first European leader who created
an unified nation w/ the approval of the Pope?
• Charlemagne
How did Charlemagne come to power?
• Franks: Merovingian dynasty (300 yrs)
– Major domo (MD): commanded armies &
made policies in king’s name
– Charles Martel (Hammer) =MD
• Extended Frank power
• Defeated Muslims as they entered FR
• Passed power to his son
• Pepin the Short
– Pope had the power
to make a person
king=BIG DEAL
– Wanted to be king
so made deal w/
Pope=fight
Lombards on behalf
of RCC & Pope
would make him
king
Charlemagne: 6’4; 46 yrs=Carolingian dynasty
– Built empire through conquest=convert or die
policy
1. Limited noble power
2. Supervised kingdom
3. Supervised estates
4. Ordered monasteries to open schools
– Charl. Surrounded himself w/ learning
– Invited Jew to live in kingdom
– 800 put down riot in R & Pope Leo III made him
Holy Roman Emperor wh/ = BIG DEAL
•
Combined Germanic tribes, RCC & Roman Empire
Charlemagne and Pope Leo III
• Louis the Pious
• Treaty of Verdun divided land among
Louis’ sons
–Charles the Bald: France
–Louis the German: Germany
–Lothair: territory betw.
Charlemagne’s grandsons and
the Treaty of Verdun
What was the immediate affect of the division of
Charlemagne’s empire?
• Europe under attack
• Vikings
– From Scandinavia
– Wealth so they could find new places to settle
– Pagan god; Eric Bloodaxe
– 200 yr. threat (800-1000)
– Prayer: official ch. Prayer issued
– Surprise attacks
– Farmers/ traders: Christianity, warming
climate
Viking Warriors
What system of protection developed as a
direct result of barbarian and Viking attacks?
• Feudalism :military, political & economic
system based on the holding of land
– Lord (land owning nobles): manor
– Vassal (received land fr. Lord=fief)
– Private army: vassal divided the land
– Knights: land to small to divide
– Peasants: owned no land but did the labor
– Serfs: bound to land
Feudal Obligations
1. Lord gave vassal land
2. Vassal gave lord military service, money and
loyalty
3. Lord gave serf protection; rt. to live on manor
& grow food
4. Serf gave lord 3 day’s labor per wk on =lord’s
land; part of crop & livestock; taxes on grain
mill, baking oven, workshops; tax on marriage
5. Village priest gave serf baptism, marriage,
other services funeral
6. Serf gave village priest 1/10 of income
How did farming change during the Middle
Ages?
• Horsepower over oxen
– harness w/ collar=heavier plow
• 3 field system: Fallow
• More food=more people
– 1000 to 1150: 30 mil to 42 mil
– People moved to towns
• Middle class (burgher=bourgeoisie)
• Jews
• trade
Three field system
How does the RCC fit into the feudal system?
• They controlled much of the land and money
What did the reformers of the RCC want to reform
and why?
• Wanted to free the RCC fr. The control of
lords & kings
1. Cardinals not Italian nobles selected the Pope
2. End marriages of priest: abandon wives &
children
3. Stop simony: buying & selling of ch. Offices
4. Lay Investiture: layman issued ch. offices
• How did the RCC demonstrate its power
over governments?
• A prime example
• Pope Gregory VII v. King Henry IV of
Germany (not of all of Germany)
– Banned lay investiture
– w/ support of his Ger. Bishop, H VI wrote
a letter demanding GVII step down
– Pope took away H IV’s power &
excommunicated him
– H IV begged forgiveness
After the event w/ HIV, Popes truly had
more power than the kings.
• Interdict: no ch. ceremonies
• Canon Law; law of the ch.
• Use ¼ of all tithes for sick & poor
• Heresy: beliefs different fr. the ch.
(heretics)
• Inquisition (1225)- search for heretics
The Remains
of Heretics
How did people encourage trade during
the Middle Ages?
• Fairs: ( i.e.: Chartres) weekly shopping
• Great Fairs: 4x a yr during religious
festivals
• Guilds
– Merchant & craft
– Enforce standards, prices, dues
Medieval Fair
How did guilds get qualified tradesmen?
• Training program
–Apprentice: 3 to 12 yrs
–Journeyman
–Master
• “Town air makes you free”
–A yr and a day
The RCC begins to sponsor building
programs.
Two distinct building styles
1. Romanesque: heavy roof, little light, thick
walls, painted bright colors
2. Gothic: Suger (SOO-ZHAY): abbot
• Pointed, ribbed vaults,
• Flying buttresses: braces
• Pointed arches
• Notre Dame, Chartres,
• “Bible for the poor”
Romanesque Architecture
Chartres Cathedral
Notre Dame Cathedral
Royal governments develop and unify
nations.
• England: the Battle of Hastings 1066
– Edward the Confessor dies w/o an hier
– William of Normandy (of Fr.)=Edward’s 2nd
cousin & claimed the throne
– Harold Godwinson (of England): named king
by council of English lords
– October 14, 1066 the battle begins
• Bayeux Tapestry
– Wm. Wins= William the Conqueror,
• William I--1066-1087
• Domesday Book
The Battle of Hastings 1066
William of
Normandy
Harold
Godwinson
How does governmental stability help
to promote education?
• Medieval university=people more than
buildings
• 3 to 5 yrs for a degree; one book=$700
–What class of people do you think
attended the university?
• Greek revival
Scholars and Concepts
• Thomas Aquinas:
blended faith and
reason
–Summa
Theologica:
attempt to
answer 631
philosophical
questions about
God and the
universe
Chivalry
–Song of
Roland: earliest
and most
famous heroic
poem
–About a band of
French soldiers
lead by Roland
during the time
of Charlemagne
Now that you have an example, what do you
think is a good definition for chivalry?
• Code to live by
• A knight was to serve his:
1. Earthy feudal lord,
2. his heavenly Lord
3. his chosen lady.
• Also should aid the poor and defend the weak
• Few achieved all of this but the concept
helped to raise European civilization to a new
level
A knight’s education
• Began @ age 7; sent to live with another
lord=page
• @ 14=squire
• @21=knight
Idea of romantic love
• Troubadour
• Eleanor Aquitaine
– (married Henry II)
• Mother of Richard I (lionhearted)
– Hero of the crusades
The Crusades (1097-1291)
• Purpose: To rescue
Jerusalem and the
holy Land from the
Muslims
• 1st ordered by Pope
Urban II
– Commanded all
Christendom to join in
the fight
– “God wills it!”
It is not as simple as it seems.
• Hidden Agenda
1. Pope’s goals:
– Demonstration of power over all of
Europe
– Reunite Byzantine (who did not
recognize the pope) and Roman
Christians
2. Knights’ goals
– Death in battle=forgiveness of
sins
– In glory battle
– Earthly wealth
3. Merchants goals
– Transportation fees (used
merchants ships)
– Win control of trade routes
– wealth
The First Crusade
• Took 2 yrs to get
to Holy Land
• Won Jerusalem
• Muslim men and
women killed
• Jews rounded up,
placed in a
temple then the
building was set
on fire
Eye witness report:
“Piles of heads, hands and feet
were to be seen the streets of
the city… But these were small
matters compared to what
happened at the Temple of
Solomon where men rode in
blood up to their knees and bridle
reins.”
Crusades became a long series of
costly battles
• Common place: almost an expected
act in a lifetime
• Ultimately, a treaty allowed Jerusalem
to be under Christian rule but the rest
of the Holy Land was under Muslim
control=Pope not happy
Making the Connection
1. Who was Saladin?
2. How are Saladin and Richard I
connected?
3. Why is Saladin an
important crusade
figure?
What were the consequences of the
Crusades?
1. Decline of papal prestige: less respect
for Pope
2. Decline in noble power: money lost,
lives lost, royal power increased
3. Decrease in Byzantine power: never
regained original power or prestige
4. Increase in religious tolerance
5. Increase in trade: spices, rugs, fruit
IN CONCLUSION
The Middle Ages end with the
end of the Crusades. People
began to question feudal
ideals and look for new
leadership.