Transcript WHI: SOL 12a

WHI: SOL 12a
Four Nations of Europe
1000-1500 a.d.
Nations Emerge
• Nations of Europe begin to emerge after 1000
a.d.
• Characteristics of nation-states included:
– defined territory,
– a central government,
– and a common culture.
• As the power of the Church declined new
monarchs were emerging in Europe who
consolidated their power and made their
kingdoms strong under their central authority.
England
• A nation-state was created in England with the
emergence of Common Law under Henry II, the
Magna Carta under King John, Parliament under
Edward I, and a unified country under Henry VII.
England
• William the Conqueror, leader of the
Norman Conquest, united most of
England.
• Common law had its beginnings
during the reign of Henry II.
England
England faced invasion from the Angles and Saxons
and Vikings. (700-1000 a.d.)
In 1066 The Normans (led by William the
Conqueror) raided and then settled in England.
William battled the English
King Harold at the
Battle of Hastings.
The Domesday Book
• William wanted to know just what he had
conquered.
• He ordered a Census of every person, animal,
piece of farm equipment and piece of land.
• This census was called the Domesday Book
because no one could escape from it.
Henry II
• At the time of Henry II,
each region or kingdom in
England had its own set of
laws. Henry wanted to
establish a common law
throughout England.
• He established a royal
court which traveled
throughout England
hearing court cases and
applying the same law at
each one
England
• King John signed the Magna Carta
(Great Charter), limiting the king’s
power.
• The Hundred Years’ War between
England and France helped define
England as a nation.
King John
(The king who flushed his kingdom down the John)
• Henry’s son became king.
• King John was highly corrupt and made many
mistakes during his reign. (Think Robin Hood!!)
Corruption
He threw people in jail without a trial.
He also placed heavy taxes on his barons, much
to their resentment.
The Magna Carta
• King John’s corruption and
heavy taxation of the
Nobles caused them to
rebel against him.
• In 1215 at Runnymede,
they forced him to sign
the Magna Carta (Great
Charter) which limited the
power of the English
Monarch.
Ideas in the Magna Carta
• The Magna Carta required the King to proclaim
certain rights (pertaining to freemen), respect
certain legal procedures, and accept that his will
could be bound by the law
• The Magna Carta also instituted the idea of
Habeas Corpus, which meant you could not be
held in jail without due cause.
England
• Evolution of Parliament
• English kings often consulted the Great Council
for advice (due to the Magna Carta)
• Became Parliament
• King Edward I summoned Parliament and
claimed “what touches all should be approved by
all”
– Chose “common” representatives to join the lords
and the clergy
• Parliament later gains the “power of the purse”
– The right to approve any new taxes
Hundred Years’ War
• The Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) was fought
between France and England over land rights in
France.
– Use of cannons made castles obsolete.
– The longbow was used.
– Use of knights and armor decreased.
– Use of professional armies increased.
– A sense of nationalism—a feeling of loyalty to one’s
country and people—emerged.
The Hundred Years War
• This war was a conflict between England and
France.
• There were several factors which led to the war.
– England had lands which it claimed in France
– England and France were in competition for Flanders.
– Edward had a claim to the French throne, but the
French were outraged at the idea of having an English
King.
– Both sides welcomed war as a chance to assert their
own agendas.
Gunpowder
The French were eventually able to
win the war because of Gunpowder.
The French developed cannons and
were able to defeat the English.
The French achieved victory in 1453.
France
• A nation-state was
created in France
with the emergence
of a strong
government under
Philip II and Philip IV,
a permanent army
and taxation under
Charles VII, and
expansion under
Louis XI.
France
• Hugh Capet established the French throne
in Paris, and his dynasty gradually
expanded their control over most of
France.
– Made the throne hereditary
– Add to their lands by playing nobles against
one another
– Won the support of the Church
– Built an effective bureaucracy to collect taxes
and impose royal law
Hugh Capet
• The King appointed by the
great lords was Hugh Capet,
he was the count of Paris or
the Île de France.
• Capet made himself more
powerful by having the lords
also elect his son as co-ruler
and making the office
hereditary. This established
the Capetian Dynasty.
Capetian Dynasty
Expansion of Power
• Philip II- called “Philip Augustus”
– Paid middle-class officials for government positions who
owed him loyalty
• Louis IX- persecuted heretics and non-Christians
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Sent out roving officials to check on local administrators
Expanded royal courts to ensure justice
Forbade private wars among nobles
Ended serfdom
• Philip IV-raised funds by taxing the clergy
– Clash with Pope Boniface, threatened to arrest any clergy
who did not pay taxes, sent troops to arrest the pope
Philip Augustus (Philip II)
• Philip Augustus added
more territory to France
when he defeated King
John of England and
seized English holdings
in French territory.
• Before that Philip had
fought in the Third
Crusade with Richard
the Lion Hearted.
Philip IV (Philip the Fair)
• When Philip IV was fighting with the Pope he
decided to call a body which could vote to
give him money to fund his struggle. This
body became known as the Estates General
• This body was made up of three parts
– The First Estate: Church Officials
– The Second Estate: Nobility
– The Third Estate: Townspeople
France
• The Hundred Years’ War between
England and France helped define
France as a nation. (1337-1453)
• Joan of Arc was a unifying factor.
The Hundred Years War
• The war officially stared when King
Philip VI of France took English holdings
and Edward III declared war on France.
• What occurred was a 116-year conflict
that changed the two countries.
• Helped define France as a nation
Orleans
• At the battle of Orleans,
Joan was able to lead
the French troops to
victory.
• Joan was, however,
captured by the English
in 1430 and was burned
as a heretic.
• She became a martyr
and symbol for the
French in the war.
• A nation-state was
created in Spain with the
unification of Aragon
and Castile under
Ferdinand and Isabella.
Religious unity was
created by the
Reconquista, the
Inquisition, and the
expulsion of the Jews
and Muslims.
Spain
Spain
• Ferdinand and Isabella unified the
country (Aragon and Castile) and
expelled Jews and Moors (African
Muslims).
• Spanish Empire in the Western
Hemisphere expanded under Charles V.
Spain
• Ferdinand and Isabella
– In Spain, King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella eliminated the
power of the Nobles.
– They took control of the national
church.
– They tried to make Iberia (Spain
and Portugal) homogeneous.
• Reconquista: Ferdinand and Isabella
forced all non-Catholics to leave
Spain or convert to Christianity.
The Spanish Inquisition
• Ferdinand and Isabella forced all Spanish to
convert to Roman Catholic
• Non-believers were “encouraged” to renounce
their religion and convert
The Spanish inquisition
• Many non-believers were burned at the stake
or subjected to harsh torture to force
“confessions” of heresy
Russia
• A nation-state was created in Russia with the
enlargement of the Moscow Kingdom under
Ivan I, the freedom from the “Mongol Yoke”
under Ivan III (Ivan the Great), and the
codification of laws under Ivan IV (Ivan the
Terrible).
Russia
• Ivan the Great threw off
the rule of the Mongols,
centralized power in
Moscow, and expanded
the Russian nation.
• Power was centralized in
the hands of the tsar.
• The Orthodox Church
influenced unification.
Russia
• Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)- centralized royal
power
– Limiting privileges of traditional noble families
– Gave land to nobles in exchange for military or other
services
– Reinforced serfdom and the feudal system
•Ivan became unstable
•Had agents of terror who rode around enforcing the
tsar’s will
The Holy Roman Empire
The Eastern part of Charlemagne’s Kingdom
later became known as the Holy Roman
Empire (later Germany).
The territory was broken into divisions known as
duchies ruled by dukes.
These dukes elected a king,
but he originally did not
have a lot of power.
H Notes C 9 S 3 par t 4
Central and Eastern Europe
• The Holy Roman Empire was different from
France, England, and Spain in that it never
consolidated power under a strong king.
• In 1438 The Hapsburg dynasty gained power over
the office of Holy Roman Emperor.
• In Eastern Europe different religious groups
came into conflict
–Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox
Christians and Muslims began to fight each
other.
Otto I
• Otto was elected king and
consolidated power by defeating
many of the nobles of Germany who
had taken land from the kingdom.
• He later moved into Italy and
reclaimed much of the territory
which had been ruled by
Charlemagne.
• After assisting the Pope with a revolt
he was crowned “Emperor of the
Romans,” thus beginning the Holy
Roman Empire.