Transcript Slide 1

Chapter 20
Western Europe During the High
Middle Ages
The Holy Roman Empire
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Otto I of Saxony takes advantage of decline
of Carolingian Empire to establish kingdom
in north Germany, mid 10th century CE
Pope John XII names Otto Emperor of Holy
Roman Empire, 962 CE
Think: if the Pope crowns you, who has the
power, you, or the Pope? Hence the
problem with the “holy” “Roman” “Empire”
The Regional States of Medieval Europe about 1250 CE
Tensions between Emperors and the
Church
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Investiture Contest (1100’s ish)
Pope Gregory VII says only he can choose
Excommunicates Emperor Henry IV
(Germany)
German people (read rogue princes) take
opportunity to rebel
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Quashed with difficulty
Regional Monarchies: France
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Capetian France
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Hugh Capet succeeds
last Carolingian
Emperor, 987 CE
ELECTED by the
Lords – what
precedent does that
set? Why is it an
important detail?
Regional Monarchies: England
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Normans in England
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Descendants of
Vikings, settled in
France
Invade England in
1066 under William
the Conqueror
Dominate Angles,
Saxons, and other
Germanic groups
Why would the English HATE the
Normans more than other
invaders/conquerors?
Bayeux Tapestry: Primary Source
The Norman Invasion
Italy
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Series of
ecclesiastical states,
city-states, and
principalities
Papal State directly
controlled by Pope,
Italy – (or at least the land that will
become Italy)
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By 12th century, citystates increasingly
displace church control
in northern Italy
Normans invade
southern Italy, displace
Byzantine and Muslim
authorities
Iberian Peninsula
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Muslims control Iberian peninsula, 8th-12th
centuries
From 11th century on, Christian conquest of
Spanish Muslim territories
Late 13th century, Muslims remain only in
Granada
Growth of the Agricultural
Economy
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Increasing development of arable lands
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Minimized threat of invading nomads
Clearing of swamps, forests
Improved agricultural techniques
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Crop rotation
New crops, esp. beans
Horseshoes, horse collars (horses faster than
oxen)
European Population Growth, 8001300 CE
80
70
60
50
40
Millions
30
20
10
0
800 CE
1000
1100
1200
1300 CE
Revival of Towns and Trade
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When food supplies increase what
Specialization of labor
Mediterranean Trade
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Italy well-positioned for sea trade
Italian colonies established in major ports of
Mediterranean, Black seas
Better business
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Letters of credit
Resurgence of European Trade
Innovation Alert: The Horse collar
has arrived!
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http://www.machinehistory.com/node/482
http://www.humanist.
de/rome/harnessing/c
ollar-ma.html
The Hanseatic League
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“Hansa,” association
of trading cities
Trade in Baltic and
North seas
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Poland, nothern
Germany,
Scandinavia
Trade Routes of the Hanseatic League
Social Change
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If you remember nothing else from this PP,
please memorize this slide!!!
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The Three Estates
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Those who pray: clergy
Those who fight: knights/nobility
Those who work: peasants
Oversimplification of complex social reality
Chivalry
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Code of conduct for nobles
Sponsored by Church to
minimize fighting among
Christians
Technically, knight to
dedicate his efforts to
promotion of Christianity
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Protection of women
Troubadors
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Class of traveling poets,
minstrels, entertainers
Spread of cultural ideas
to Europe
 Eleanor of Aquitaine
(1122-1204) major
supporter
Popularization of idea of
romantic love, refinement
of European knights
Independent Cities
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Additions to class of
“those who work”
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Merchants, artisans,
physicians, lawyers, etc.
Guilds
Late 11th century,
charters of integration
Urban Women
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New economic
opportunities for women
Dominated needle trade
Representation in wide
variety of trades
Admitted to most guilds
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Some guilds for women
only
Cathedral Schools
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Early middle ages – little
education
High middle ages (10001300 CE) increasing
wealth makes education
possible
Schools based in
cathedrals
Curriculum of Latin
writings
Aristotle’s Back!
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Latin translations of Byzantine Greek texts
circulate in Europe
Jewish and Muslim scholars provide other
translations from Arabic translations
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), major
proponent of Scholasticism
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Synthesis of Christianity and Aristotle
University of Paris
Religious Movements
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Rebellion against perceived materialism of
Roman Catholic Church
St. Dominic (1170-1221) and St. Francis
(1182-1226) create orders of mendicants
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Vows of poverty
Popular preachers
Religious zealots, very opposed to heretical
movements
Medieval Expansion of Europe
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Atlantic and Baltic
Colonization
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Scandinavians explore North
Atlantic Ocean
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Iceland, Greenland, Vinland
(Canada)
Canadian settlements do not
succeed
Kings of Denmark nominally
convert to Christianity,
Sweden and Finland follow
The medieval expansion of Europe, 1000 – 1250 CE
Crusading Orders
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Religious Christians form military-religious
orders
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Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights
Religious vows of opposition to Islam,
paganism
Founded churches and monasteries
The Reconquest of Sicily and
Spain
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Sicily taken by
Muslims in 9th
century, reconquered
by Normans in 11th
century
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Slow displacement of
Islam
Opportunity for crosscultural fertilization
The Beginning of the Crusades
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Pope Urban II calls for
liberation of Jerusalem
from Muslim control,
1095
Salvation promised for
casualties
Peter the Hermit raises
popular frenzy, mob
destroyed on way to
Jerusalem
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
15th century painting of Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont, where
he preached an impassioned sermon to take back the Holy Land.
Reasons For the Crusades
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Pope believed they would increase his power
and stop them from fighting one another.
Crusaders promised their sins would be forgiven
for their participation.
Nobles hoped to gain wealth and land.
Many saw it as a chance for travel and
excitement.
Serfs hoped to escape feudalism.
The First Crusade
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1096-1099 more
organized expedition
Captures Jerusalem,
largely due to poor
Muslim organization
Salah al-Din (Saladin)
recaptures Jerusalem
in 1187
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=ERKDI-exAoE
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A chronicler, Radulph of Caen wrote:
"Some people said that, constrained by the
lack of food, they boiled pagan adults in
cooking-pots, impaled children on spits and
devoured them grilled."
These events were also chronicled by
Fulcher of Chartres, who wrote:
"I shudder to tell that many of our people,
harassed by the madness of excessive
hunger, cut pieces from the buttocks of the
Saracens already dead there, which they
cooked, but when it was not yet roasted
enough by the fire, they devoured it with
savage mouth."[1]
Albert of Aix remarked that "the Christians
did not shrink from eating not only killed
Turks or Saracens, but even dogs..."("Nam
Christiani non solum Turcos vel Sarracenos
occisos, verum etiam canes arreptos(...)")[2]
Later Crusades and their
Consequences
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Five crusades by mid-13th century, none
successful
Fourth Crusade destroys Constantinople,
1202-1204
Yet Crusades provide direct contact with
Muslim ideologies, trade
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Aristotle, “Arabic” numerals, paper production
For the first decade of the Crusades, the Crusaders
pursued a policy of terror against Muslims and Jews that
included mass executions, the throwing of severed heads
over besieged cities walls, exhibition and mutilation of
naked cadavers, and even cannibalism.
Impact of the Crusades
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Increased Anti-Semitism
Increased Trade
Weakened the Power of the Church
Weakening of Feudalism
Increase in Learning
 Exposed to Muslim advancements in
math, science, literature, art and
geographical knowledge
The evolution of a city: London
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http://www.xtimeline.c
om/timeline/Historyof-London
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Go to this website,
find evidence of these
factors:
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Invasions
Disease
Agriculture
Commerce
Transportation
Labor
What effect did the Little Ice Age
likely have on London?
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http://lostcityoflondon.co.
uk/2013/11/24/londonslittle-ice-age-and-thegreat-frost-fairs/
Extrapolate this
information into
commerce, disease,
invasion etc. What
effects could we
anticipate from our
knowledge base?
So what happened to other cities as
a result of the Middle ages?
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Cordoba
Timbuktu
Paris
Baghdad
Beijing
Delhi
Constantinople
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Research your
favorite city from the
list. How did events,
culture, climate,
trade, and other
factors ‘change’ the
city from 1000 to
1500?