Transcript Crusades & Middle Ages Culture: Medieval Christianity

Crusades & Middle Ages Culture:
Medieval Christianity
Ch 6.1, p. 105
Vocab
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Lay investiture
Interdict
Sacrament
Heresy
Relics
Problems w/ the Church
• B/c of the _____________, wealthy Lords
often chose bishops and abbots to serve
for political reasons.
– These new religious figures didn’t really
care about spiritual duties.
• Yay ___________!! Booo…benevolence.
Reform
• To focus Church officials on their spiritual
duties:
– They were given a _________________!
But then…Greg VII
• Gregory VII takes Reform further!
– Decides to eliminate ____________________
• So that the Church can choose Church officials
and avoid the problem entirely.
• “We decree that no one of the clergy shall receive
the investiture with a bishopric or abbey or church
from the hand of an emperor or king or of any lay
person.”
– Pope Gregory VII, 1075
Investiture Controversy fin.
• Compromise = ____________________
– Not until both Pope and Emperor attempt
to depose each other, eventually die, and
new leaders come in.
– Unnecessarily complicated way of
appointing new Church officials.
• Both Church and Lord/King ____________, etc.
More Reforms…
• Pope Innocent III, in 13th Century,
increases papal power via spiritual
weapons:
– Enter the __________________
• Forbids priests from giving ______________
(Christian rites) to a targeted group of ppl.
New Things in Christianity
• Cistercians
– Like Benedictine monks, but more active outside
the monasteries.
• ____________________________________
• Women!
– Numbers increase dramatically
– Hildegard of Bingen  awesome abbess,
composer AND woman.
More Regligosity
• Franciscans
– Founded by ________________
• Abandoned all worldly goods, into absolute
poverty, nature, simplicity working hard, but
also begging for food.
• Dominicans
– Founded by Spaniard, Dominic de Guzman
• Super anti-_____________ through preaching
and personal poverty. Huh?
The Inquisition
• The Church creates a court, aka
____________________ , to deal w/
those pesky heretics.
– Mostly Spanish Dominicans
– All about getting heretics to confess  so
they could perform penance (receive
punishment)  and receive salvation.
• You know, b/c short-term torture seemed less
bad than Hell.
Saints & Relics
• Saints became a big deal in the High Middle
Ages
– And thus __________ also boomed.
Q&A
• What was the name of the Holy Office which
‘dealt’ w/ heretics?
– ___________________________________
• Which Pope is famous for his use of the
interdict?
– ______________________________
• What is another name for an objected
connected to or from a Saint?
– ___________________________________
The Crusades
Ch 6.2, p. 113
Vocab
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Crusades
Infidel
Proceed
Libel
1st Crusade
(1096-99)
• Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus
asks for help against Seljuk Turks
– Pope says, let’s get those ____________.
• Mostly French warriors moved east, and came
up w/ an additional goal of taking Jerusalem as
well.
• Success!
______________
(1147-49)
• French and German leaders aim to re-take
Jerusalem and kill a lot of Muslim/pagan
ppl.
– ____________________.
3rd Crusade
(1190-92)
• Jerusalem controlled by Muslim master-class
General Saladin.
– The Germans, French and English unite to
attack once more!
• German emperor drowns in a river while
bathing. LOL
• __________________________ ends up as the
last to throw in the towel, but manages to
negotiate safe passage for Christian pilgrims to
Jerusalem in the future.
Later Crusades
• 4th Crusade was a botched attempt to
permanently regain Constantinople.
• _____________________ results in the death
of 20,000 kids +/– __________________, the other five ships land in
N. Africa  all kids sold into slavery.
Random Sidenotes
• Crusaders took it upon themselves to
discriminate and punish Jewish ppl during this
time
– Blamed Jews for ____________________
• The Crusades paved the way for the future
development of nation-states
– AND the restoration of __________________
______________________________________
Q&A
• How did the Crusades start?
– ________________________________________
• Which city did Muslims and Christians most
want to control?
– _________________
• T/F: Feudalism became more entrenched and
stronger b/c of the Crusades.
– ________________________________________
Culture of the Middle Ages
Ch 6.3, p. 117
O, Hai Vocab
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Theology
Vernacular
Scholasticism
Chanson de geste
Technical
Corporation
High Middle Age(d) Architecture
• Two awesome innovations:
– _________________ and ______________
instead of round vaulted ceilings
– The __________________  all about
distributing weight outward and having lighter
walls
• Which lead to Gothic-style buildings
Learning Centers
• Universities pop up all over Europe
– First in Bologna, Italy
• _________________ in 4-6 years
• _____________ in law, medicine or theology in
10 or more years
Query
• So…what 2 degrees could students earn at
university?
Theology
• Study of ___________________
– Very popular
• Leads to a philosophical system called
______________________
– Let’s reconcile faith and logical reasoning!
• Greek philosophy + Christian ideas
Aristotle
• Wrote Proslogion, aka Anselm of Canterbury
– Tried to demonstrate the _______________
_______________  invents the Scientific
Method
– Church wasn’t too happy w/ this logic business
Thomas Aquinas
• Tried to answer the question
“_________________________?”
– Cited opposing opinions before reaching his own.
– Really wanted to get to the heart of the difference
btwn good and evil (God’s eternal laws) w/
reasoning.
Enter Vernacular
• Initially __________ was the universal
language of medieval learning.
– BUT local vernaculars popped up everywhere
• A vernacular literature market blossoms in the
1100s
• Leads to poetry and ______________for the
masses
– Chanson de geste, heroic epic
Q&A
• What architectural style is characterized by
soaring ribbed vaults and pointed arches?
– ___________________
• What philosophy tried to reconcile Christian ideas
w/ logical reasoning?
– ________________________
• Who was the guy who tried to answer the
question: “Does God exist?” via Aristotelian
reasoning.
– _______________________________
Late Middle Ages
Ch 6.4, p. 120
Vocab
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Anti-semitism
New monarchy
Taille
Period
Consequence
Bubonic Plague, cont’d.
• First comes a “_____________” which hurts
European food supplies
– The Great Famine
• In mid 1300s the Bubonic Plague arrives in
Europe
– About 1/3 of Europe dies in 4 YEARS (1347-51)
• 25 million ppl!!!!!!!!
– Leads to ____________, trade and labor problems
Decline of Church Power
• Popes most powerful in 1200s
– BUT in 1300s the Church has problems.
• 1st Problem:
– ______________________________ and basically
moves the papacy to Avignon, France
• 1305-1377 Popes lived in Avignon
– Loss of popularity and credibility in Popes
Church Decline, cont’d.
• 2nd Problem:
– ______________________
• Church never really recovers after the Avignon
debacle
• Multiple Popes arrive (even 3 at one point) and all
declare each other the Antichrist
– From 1378 to 1417 all of Europe argues about which
Pope is the real Pope
• Church loses even more credibility/authority
Query
• How did the Great Schism and other crises
lead to the decline of Church power?
The 100 Years War
• Starts b/c King Edward III of England loses his
__________________________________
– French King seizes it in 1337, thus forever lending
credibility to the gamer-piracy term ‘leet’
– Initially English beat up the French b/c of
longbows and lots of peasants
• France preferred armed noble cavalry
100 Years War, cont’d.
• BUT THEN…
– ________________, a 17-yr-old, has visions
of glory and leads the French to a major
victory at Orleans and turns the war.
• Later captured by English and turned over to
Inquisition for witchcraft….
• France ends up winning b/c of Joan and the
use of gunpowder in cannons.
New Monarchies  Recovery
• All the fighting and problems are bolstered by the
fact that strong centralized governments don’t
really exist.
– Monarchs have ____________________________
_______________…blood is a bit thin or blue…
• Countries reorganize w/ new candidates for
kingship, let’s shake things up.
New Monarchies  Recovery
• France: King Louis XI, aka the Spider, likes property
tax
• England: War of Roses leads to Henry VII and strong
central gov’t.
• Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella make everyone
____________________________________
• Central and Eastern Europe: still chaotic
Q+A
• How many different men claimed to be Pope during
The Great Schism?
– ________________________
• T/F: Europe was perfectly stable and ‘healthy’
before the Black Death killed 1/3 of the ppl.
– _________________________________________
• During the Late Middle Ages, which country
required all citizens to be Catholic?
– ___________________