Transcript Magna Carta - SchoolRack

7.1 The Fall of Rome
Contributions of the
Roman Empire
LAW
Rule of law; Many modern legal systems are
based on Roman laws; equal justice under
the law
RELIGION
Spread of Christianity
LANGUAGE
Romance languages based on Latin (Spanish,
French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian)
ENGINEERING
Concrete, arches, domes, aqueducts
ARCHITECTURE
Monuments, forums, public baths
Weakness of the Roman Empire and
reasons that led to its downfall
Social Causes
Economic Causes
•Decline of city
population
•Gap between rich and
poor
•Undermining of
citizenship
•Slavery
•High taxes
•Weakening of trade
and farming because of
constant war
Military Causes
Political Causes
•Armies made up
largely of foreign
soldiers
•Barbarian invasions
•Weak central
government
•Divided empire = East vs.
West
Byzantine Empire
After the Roman
Empire was split in
two, the term
Byzantine Empire was
used to describe the
Eastern portion of the
former Roman Empire.
Although the
Byzantine Empire
preserved the learning
of ancient Greeks and
Romans, it had a long
and violent history.
Constantinople
Was the strong capital city in the Byzantine Empire. It
was named after the Roman Emperor Constantine.
Constantinople's location made it a perfect stopping
place both for merchants traveling overland and those
traveling by sea between Europe and Asia.
7.2 Islam
Origins of Islam
Islam means “submission” to
Allah.
Believers in Islam are called
“Muslims- “those who submit
to Allah’s will”
Islam, Judaism, and Christianity are all
based on a belief in one God.
Muslims view the message of Muhammad as
the completion of teachings in the Hebrew
Scriptures and Christian new Testament.
Muslims believe the Qur’an contains the word
of God revealed to Muhammad.
The Sunnah refers to the teachings and
practices of Muhammad.
Teachings of Mohammad
The Sunna are the guiding rules for Islam and were based on
the way the prophet Muhammad lived his life. The most
basic of these rules are the Five Pillars of Islam:
1. Profession of faith. “There is no God but Allah, and
Muhammad is his prophet.”
2. Prayer. Muslims must pray five times a day.
3. Giving alms, or showing charity to the poor.
4. Ritual fast during the holy month of Ramadan.
5. Hajj-pilgrimage to Mecca
Contributions of Muslim scholars in the
areas of: science, geography, math, medicine, art
and literature.
Science: Muslim astronomers mapped the solar
system and the world: long before Columbus's time
Muslim scholars knew that the earth was round.
Math: Modern algebra is based on the mathematics
of al Khwarizmi. One of his books,
basis for the word algebra.
al jabr, is the
Medicine: Muslim doctors became skilled at
diagnosis and treatment of disease and used herbal
medicines. Doctors performed surgery on patients in
clean hospitals that were free to the public.
Art
Calligraphy and geometric designs, rather than
the human form was the focus of Muslims art.
Creating images of living things like humans and
animals, which have souls, is forbidden.
Literature
In time the skill of paper making spread
throughout the Muslim World, making books
more available. Muslim scholars helped preserve
Greek and Romans classics that might otherwise
have been lost or destroyed.
7.3 China
Buddhism,
Buddhism, is a religion based on the teachings of the Indian spiritual leader
Siddhartha Gautama. He is also known as the Buddha, or “the Enlightened
One.” Gautama taught that life involves suffering. The way to ease suffering is
to give up worldly desires and seek perfect wisdom known as enlightenment.
Those who achieve enlightenment enter nirvana, or a state of complete peace.
Those who enter nirvana also escape the endless cycle of suffering, death, and
rebirth.
Daoism
Daoism, is an
ancient
Chinese
philosophy.
Dao means the
“Way" or the
“way of
nature.” Its
basic teaching
is that all
things-earth,
heaven, and
people- should
follow the Dao.
If this happens,
all will be well
in the world.
Confucianism
Confucianism, is a system of ethics and morals based on the
teachings of Confucius, a great Chinese teacher and
philosopher.
There are four basic Confucian principles:
1. respect for the social order,
2. respect for social rank,
3. the importance of education,
4. and a ruler’s moral obligation to their people.
His philosophy was designed to restore peace and stability in
China.
Zheng He
Zheng was an
adventurous court
official who
assembled a fleet of
more than 300
ships carrying
27,00 men. Some
of these ships were
400 feet long,
larger than any
built before. Zheng
He traveled
throughout
Southeast Asia to
the coast of India
on his first
expedition. Later
voyages went as far
as the Persian Gulf
and the east coast
of Africa.
Mongols
The Mongols
encouraged trade
and commerce.
They reopened the
Silk Road across
Asia that linked
China to Europe.
Traders took
caravans across the
Asian continent.
They carried silk,
porcelain, spices,
and luxury goods
to Europe. Traders
carried ideas and
inventions between
East and West too.
Genghis Khan
Tang, Song, and Ming Dynasties
The Tang Dynasty united China in 618. The Tang ruled China for nearly 300
years. They expanded China’s borders and created political unity, and a strong
central government. The Tang era was also known as a golden age for Chinese arts
and literature.
The Song Dynasty, ruled China for more than 300 years. Following the Tang, the
Song period was also an era of good government. Under the song, China
developed a merit system for choosing and promoting government officials. Civil
Servants were highly educated people who entered government only after passing
special examinations.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Chinese pioneered a number of new
inventions. Among these were: gunpowder, paper, block and movable type
printing presses, the magnetic compass and many more. Their discovers eventually
spread to Europe, and the rest of the world.
The Ming Dynasty, overthrew the Mongols who had ruled China for years, and
restored Chinese rule. After sponsoring a series of sea voyages, the Ming turned
away from the outside world. The rulers of China believed China had everything it
needed at home.
7.4 Sub-Saharan
Civilizations of Ghana
and Mali in Medieval
Africa
Importance of family development of West Africa
Kinship or family relationship, was the basis for government. The male head
of each clan became one of the village chiefs and often one of the religious
leaders. Sometimes a council of family elders made up the village government.
Within the family, everyone had jobs and responsibilities according to age,
skills gender as well as tradition.
Written and oral traditions in transmission of African
history and culture.
People sometimes repeat stories or fables in order to teach
wisdom or moral lessons. Passing down customs, history,
legends art, and poetry through oral traditions was an
important part of West African culture.
Geography of forest, and desert of Sub-Saharan West Africa and how
it affected trade in gold, salt, food, and slaves.
The savanna is a strip of grasslands dotted with oases on the Sahara’s southern
border. This region is known as the sahel, or “shore of the desert.” Its landscape
ranges from the desert in the north to scattered vegetation in the south. On the
sahel, scant rainfall and occasional oases make some farming possible.
Ghana was in an ideal position for trade. It lay between the sahel and Sahara in the
north, and the highlands and tropical forests of the south. In combination with the
rivers, gold, salt, food and slaves were easily traded in Ghana
7.5 Japan
Vassal system of
Japan:
•Shogun
•Daimyo
•Samurai warriors
•Artisans
•Peasants
•Merchants
Japan’s proximity to China and
Korea and the influence of those
countries on Japan
Japan borrowed its writing system
from China.
Prince Shotoku, like the Chinese,
promoted the spread of Buddhism,
building many temples.
 the Prince Shotoku, strengthened
the central government and also
adopted Chinese-style changes, such
as claiming all property outside the
capital.
Types of Japanese Buddhism:
Pure Land Buddhism: This denomination of
Buddhism stresses happiness in afterlife
rather than finding peace, or enlightenment,
in this life on earth. It taught that believers
would be reborn into a blissful, pure land, or
paradise.
Zen Buddhism: Zen taught that physical and
mental exercise would produce a sudden
recognition of the nature of existence, and
enlightenment. Zen Buddhism was very
popular with the Samurai class.
7.6 Medieval Europe
Role of the Church
and monasteries
after the fall of
Rome
The church continued such
traditions of the empire as
using the Latin language,
and making its center
Rome. Laws under
Christian rulers included
many elements of the
Roman systems of property
ownership and taxation.
Monasteries, or religious
communities formed by
monks, devoted themselves
to preserving the ideas of
ancient Rome and Greece,
as well as church writings.
Development of Feudalism including the role of the
manor and the growth of towns and political order.
Feudalism was a social and political arrangement that was rooted in the
people’s need for protection against invaders and in landowner’s needs for
defense. Small farmers turned to powerful landowners for protection. People
received protection in return for service as soldiers or for turning over title and
ownership of their land to the large landowners. The manor, or home of the
large landowner became the center for feudal life and a place for safety during
battle. It was built for security, not for comfort.
Not all people lived in feudal manors. Peasants seeking
freedom, younger sons of nobles seeking a fortune, scholars
seeking new ideas, and freed serfs left the country manor for
towns. The town was were feudalism began to die. Powered by
trade, the new commercial way of life that developed in the
towns looked beyond the closed world of the manor.
Charlemagne
Charlemagne made his
defeated opponents accept the
Roman church and swear
loyalty to him as their new
ruler.
In 800 Charlemagne marched
into Italy to help Pope Leo III
put down a rebellion there.
Charlemagne also made sure
that religious services were
performed the same way
throughout Europe. He forced
illiterate clergy to become
educated, and tried to rid the
church of corruption.
Magna Carta
In 1215, Parliament forced
King John of England, to
sign a document known as
the Magna Carta. The
Magna Carta acknowledges
the rights of the lords and
prevented the king from
taking those rights away.
By subjecting the king to the
rule of law, the Magna Carta
became the basis for future
reforms. Our own Bill of
Rights and the concept of
“due process of law” grew
out of the Magna Carta.
Religious Crusades and the effect on Muslim/Jewish populations
The crusades were a series of eight wars Europeans fought to win the Holy
Land from the Muslims. These wars, called the crusades, occurred between
1096 and 1270. Four of the eight crusades involved Europeans in major
warfare. Those who fought were called crusaders, because they vowed to “take
up the cross.”
At the same the crusaders set out to fight Muslims in the East, the crusaders
destroyed a number of Jewish towns along the Rhine River. Along the way,
crusaders slaughtered the eastern and western Jewish populations.
Spread of the Black Death
The plague was a disease that swept like wildfire through
Europe beginning in 1347. It was first seen in China in 1331 and
in 15 years spread across Asia to the Black Sea.
People later called it the Black Death, because black
spots formed under the skin from internal bleeding.
By the late 1300’s one fourth to one third of the
population of Europe had died. In some towns, over fifty percent
of the people died.
Importance of the Catholic Church
In medieval Europe, the Church was the sole source of truth
and a center for authority. The Church controlled almost all
areas of thought and teaching, preserving the Latin language
and religious texts. In addition, the Church helped to found the
first universities. This gave the Church great power. Even kings
had to submit to the teachings of the Church and the
judgments of the pope. No one dared to challenge the power
of the Church.
7.7 Americas
Compare and contrast the cultures of the, Maya, Inca and
Aztec including roles of the people within each society and region.
Maya
Inca
Aztec
Government
•City-states with
separate rulers
•Emperor
•Empire divided
with separate
rulers.
•King
•City-states
governed by
local chiefs
Economy
•Farming
•Farming; trade
•Farming; trade
Religion
•Belief in many
gods
•Human sacrifice
•Belief in many
gods
•Belief in many
gods
•Human
sacrifice
•Irrigation system
•Terrace farming
•Road system with
bridges, tunnels
•Writing system
•Irrigation
system
•Poetry
•Sculptures
Achievements •Writing system
•Discoveries in
mathematics,
astronomy
•Calendar
•Architecture
Compare and contrast the cultures of the, Maya, Inca and Aztec including roles
of the people within each society and region
M
A
Y
a
The Maya were divided into two main classes: nobles and
commoners. The nobles: the king, top officials, and priests. The
majority of Maya society were commoners, mostly farmers, who
worked the land of the Empire. Lower ranking lords and higher
ranking commoners formed a kind of middle class.
Compare and contrast the cultures of the, Maya, Inca and Aztec including roles
of the people within each society and region
I
n
c
a
There were three ranks of nobles: nobles by birth, Appointed
nobles, and Non-Inca Chiefs. Commoners were divided into
categories based on age and gender.
Compare and contrast the cultures of the, Maya, Inca and Aztec including roles
of the people within each society and region
A
Z
t
e
c
The Aztec were divided into two main classes: nobles and
commoners. The largest group of commoners were farmers, but
also included groups such as artisans and merchants. At the
lowest level were slaves who worked for the noble families.
How the Aztec Empire was defeated by the Spanish
In 1519, Hernando Cortes sailed
to Mexico to conquer the rich
Aztec Empire. When Cortes and
his soldiers reached the capital
of the Aztecs, Moctezuma, their
king welcomed Cortes as an
honored guest. Tensions
mounted between the Aztecs
and the Spaniards. In the battle
that broke out, Moctezuma was
killed. Soon after, the Spanish
were forced to retreat. Cortes
returned and began a siege of
the city. Then, a smallpox
epidemic killed most of the
Aztecs. The survivor
surrendered in 1521.
How the Inca Empire was defeated by the Spanish
Francisco Pizarro and a small
group of conquistadors came to the
Inca Empire in 1531. There, a
smallpox epidemic had killed many
Incas. Pizarro took advantage of
the chaos in the empire. He invited
Atahualpa, the emperor, to a
friendly meeting and then had him
imprisoned. Atahualpa arranged for
a ransom that added up to almost
20 tons of gold and silver. This was
said to be the largest ransom in
history. However, Pizarro did not
honor his end of the bargain. He
rejected the Inca ransom and
ordered Atahualpa killed, with that
the Inca Empire was defeated.
Achievements in astronomy
and mathematics
The Mayas were brilliant
astronomers. Although they had no
telescopes, they made detailed
observations of the heavens. They
plotted the positions of the sun,
moon and planets. With this data,
they were able to predict events such
as eclipses of the sun, and the moon.
The Mayas used a 260-day
religious calendar and a 365-day
solar calendar.
The Mayas also developed an
advanced number system. The Maya
understood the concept of zero long
before Europeans did. Their number
system was flexible enough to be
used for multiplication and division.
7.8 Renaissance
Revival of classic learning
The word Renaissance means, “rebirth.” Renaissance thinkers focused on
three main ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
The first idea, was individual worth. During the Renaissance,
people began to feel humans could improve themselves through study and
reflection.
The second idea that impressed Renaissance thinkers was a
strong commitment to public service. Wealthy families helped to support
artists and writers so that all citizens of the community could enjoy artistic
and literary works.
The third idea that Renaissance thinkers encouraged was the
development of a variety of skills and talents.
Independent trading cities
Italy was made up of about 250
small states. Most of these states
were ruled by cities and were
called city-states. Because of
their location on the
Mediterranean Sea, the Italian
city-states were a natural
crossroads between northern
Europe and the lands of the
Middle East and Africa. For this
reason, Italy led medieval Europe
in commercial growth. The
growth of trade promoted a free
flow of ideas. Traders came in
contact with new ideas and
customs. People began to open
their minds to new ways of
thinking and doing things.
Importance of Florence, Italy
The Renaissance got it start
in the city of Florence. One
of the most powerful families
in Florence was the Medici
family. The Medici's spent
large sums of money on
artistic and architectural
projects. Other families,
Guilds and civic groups also
hired artists to create works
of art. As a result, Florence
became a showcase of
Renaissance art and
architecture. The people of
Florence took great pride the
beauty of their city.
Marco Polo
Marco Polo, was a traveler from Venice, Italy. Polo lived in China
from 1275 until 1292. Although only 17 years old when he arrived
in China, Polo served the Mongol ruler, Kublai Khan, as an
ambassador and in other ways. He later described his visit, which
was the first accurate record of China by a European.
Dante
Dante was an Italian writer born in the late 1200’s. He is best
known for The Divine Comedy. This long poem describes an
imaginary journey through heaven and hell. Dante wrote the poem
in Italian rather than in Latin. The Divine Comedy is still
considered one of the greatest literary work of all time.
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare was a poet, an actor, and a master
playwright. Shakespeare’s characters were full of life, wit, and
passion. They reveal the strengths and weaknesses of people
from all walks of life. Many plays were built around historic
figures, such as Julius Caesar and the Kings of England.
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest
figures of the Renaissance. As an artist, he is
known for the Mona Lisa and many other
paintings. He is one of the greatest scientific
thinkers of his day. Leonardo was curious
about how things worked. With his strong
desire to learn and his many talents, Leonardo
was the ideal Renaissance man.
Michelangelo
Michelangelo studied anatomy so he could sculpt and draw the
human figure realistically. He is remembered for his sculpture, David,
and his painting of the Sistine Chappell.
7.9 Reformation
Internal decay of the Catholic Church
The Reformation was a religious movement that began in the
1500’s to reform internal decay of the Catholic Church. Many
bishops, and even the pope had broken their religious vows
and fathered children.
Priests were poorly trained. Church leaders rose to power
because of their wealth or political influence. They often
neglected their duties.
The Church also raised money by selling indulgences, or
pardons for sins. Some priests promised their followers that
they-and their dead relatives-would be guaranteed entry into
heaven if they contributed a certain sum of money to the
Church. The clergy seemed more concerned with amassing
wealth and power than in saving souls.
Erasmus
Erasmus, was a Dutch priest and a 16th century humanist,
wanted to reform the church. He believed that church teachings
should be easy for everyone to understand, and that everyone
should be able to read the bible, not just the clergy.
Martin Luther
Martin Luther, was a priest and
professor who wrote the, NinetyFive Theses, a paper that was an
invitation to debate certain church
issues. Luther believed a person
could be made just, or good, by his
or her faith in God. His Ninety-Five
Theses sparked a religious
movement to reform the Catholic
church that is known as the
Reformation. Because reformers
were protesting against what they
felt to be the abuses of the Catholic
church, they became known as
Protestants.
John Calvin
John Calvin, a Frenchman educated in law,
urged Christians to study the Bible on their own
and deepen their faith. He taught that God had
already chosen, or predestined a special group
of believers for salvation.
Henry VIII
Henry VIII of England,
argued with the pope
that he should be able
to divorce, even though
it was against church
rules. Henry persuaded
the English parliament
to declare England
independent of all
foreign authorities,
including the pope.
With that, the Church of
England, and the
Catholic Church split.
Jews and Muslims in Medieval Spain
Until the late 1300s, Jews
had lived quite safely in the
Christian kingdoms. Then
anti-Jewish attacks began.
Determined to unite Spain
as a Catholic country, the
Spanish Inquisition used
terror and torture against
Jews and Muslims. Finally,
in 1492, the rulers ordered
all Jews to leave Spain.
Later, the Muslims also
were ordered to leave. The
loss of these two groups did
great harm to Spain’s
economy and culture.
7.10 Scientific Revolution
Scientists in the 1500s had new tools for
studying the word. The answers they
found marked the beginning of the
“Scientific Revolution”
Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus
was a Polish
astronomer who
spent 25 years
tracking the
movements of the
sun, moon, and
planets. He
concluded that the
sun, not Earth was
the center of the
universe.
Kepler
Johannes Kepler, was
a German astronomer
that used mathematics
to prove that the
planets moved in
predictable orbits.
Kepler used math to
show the Earth does
revolve around the
sun.
Galileo
Galileo Galilei, was an Italian mathematician who
discovered laws that describe the motion of objects on
Earth. Contrary to the medieval view of the universe,
Galileo showed that all heavenly objects did not revolve
around the Earth. Church officials opposed Galileo’s
work as contrary to official church teaching. Under threat
of torture, the 70-year-old scientist denied his belief in a
sun-centered universe.
Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton, described the
pull between objects
mathematically in his law of
gravity. This law states that
the pull between two objects
depends on two factors. One
factor is the distance
between the objects. The
second is the amount of
matter each object contains.
Bigger objects have more
pull than smaller ones. The
law of gravity completed the
revolution begun by
Copernicus.
Bacon
New approaches to
developing knowledge;
Francis Bacon, an English
philosopher, championed
the use of inductive
reasoning in scientific
investigations. A scientist
guided by inductive
reasoning uses
observations and
experiments to gather
facts. Then, the scientist
uses reason to reach a
general conclusion based
on these facts.
Descartes
New approaches to developing knowledge
Rene Descartes, a French philosopher, believed that to arrive at truth, it
is necessary to doubt everything except ideas that were true beyond a
doubt. From these basic truths, he argued, other things could be shown
to be true using logic and reason. Descartes is famous for saying, “I
think, therefore I am,” to prove his point.
7.11
Age of Exploration
Explores and Map Makers
European nations sought an ocean route to Asia.
In 1497, Vasco da Gama, from Portugal, became the first European
to sail ships around the Cape of Good Hope, and then sail on to
India.
Explores and Map Makers
European nations sought an ocean route to Asia.
Christopher Columbus, hoped to sail west to reach China. In 1492, he crossed the
Atlantic ocean, headed west from Spain, and landed on an island in what is today
the Bahamas. Columbus believed that he had reached lands just off the coast of
China. He made four journeys west. His entire life he believed he had discovered
route to Asia.
Explores and Map Makers
European nations sought an ocean route to Asia.
Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator, concluded that the lands Columbus
called “the Indies” were, in fact, part of a “New World,” in 1501. A German map
maker named the newly encountered lands “America,” a Latin version of
Vespucci’s first name.
Explores and Map Makers
European nations sought an ocean route to Asia.
Ferdinand Magellan, and his crew achieved the most difficult
navigational feat of the age. Although he died on the journey, his crew
circumnavigated, or sailed completely around the world in 1522.