Transcript The Hundred Years` War

Norman Conquest
1066
The Norman Conquest Changed
the Entire Course of the English
Language
The Origin of the Normans
 Northern coast of France.
 Northmen of the ninth and tenth century.
 Understanding between Rollo of the Danes and
Charles the Simple.
 Originally of Scandinavian roots the Northmen
became absorbed in French culture.
 English and Normans became close.
The Origin of the Normans
 1002 Ǽthelred the Unready married a Norman
wife.
 1042 Edward the Confessor became king of
England.
1066
 Edward the Confessor died childless.
 Choice of Successor.
Godwin the Earl of West Saxon.
– Edward’s advisor.
– Virtual ruler of England.
Harold.
– Godwin’s son.
– Day after Edward’s death elected king.
– Did not go unchallenged.
1066

William, the Duke of Normandy.
Earned the name William the Great.

From birth overcame many difficulties.
Illegitimate birth.
– Father and a tanner’s daughter.
Became Duke of Normandy at age six.
Many assassination attempts.
– Devoted care of regents kept him alive.
While in early manhood had to deal with.
– Rebellious barons,
– powerful neighbors,
– and the French king.
Battle of Hastings

Harold was off fighting another claimant to the throne in
the North.
Tostig, Harold’s brother returning from exile.
Many of Harold’s troops were forced to leave due to the
harvest.
 Harold called on Earls in Mercia and Northumbria, but
they hung back.
 Harold drew his forces onto a hill at Senlac near
Hastings.

Battle of Hastings
 Harold had controlled the battle until a feigned
retreat by William gave the Normans the
advantage.
 Harold was shot in the eye with an arrow dying
instantly.
 Two of Harold’s brothers were killed.
The British were leaderless.
Normans won the battle.
Battle of Hastings
 Normans burnt and pillaged until the citizens of
London decided not to resist any longer.
 William was named King.
Norman Settlement
 Many of the English higher class had been killed
or treated as traitors.
 At first William only accepted in the Southeast.
Rebellions in the southwest, west and north.
Norman Settlement

Williams embarked on many campaigns.
Often he was ruthless to make his point.
As a result English nobility was completely wiped out.
1072 – only one of the twelve earls in England were English
(he was executed in 1076).
Norman influence seeped into all walks of life.
– The two archbishops were Normans.
 The abbots slowly changed over to Normans.
In 1075, thirteen of twenty-five Abbots were English.
In 1087, three of twenty-five Abbots were English.
William’s castles were garrisoned troops.
– Richard I surrounded himself with foreign soldiers.
Creation of the Language
 Use of French by the Upper Class.
Ruling class continued to use French.
– 200 years after the Norman conquest.
Creation of the Language
 French soldiers learned English as a matter of
need.
 As late as the 13th century the kings of England
were also the Dukes of Normandy.
William left Normandy to his eldest son and England
to his second son William.
Henry I reunited the two lands.
Henry II enlarged his holdings in both areas.
Creation of the Language
 Most of William and his heirs spent more time in
France than England.
 Edward IV was the first king to have an English
wife (1460s).
Creation of the Language
English became the language of the lower class.
 While resentment existed, relations seemed “calm.”

At age 43 William the Conqueror attempted to learn English.
– Better rule and understand the people and courts.

Most literature produced was French.
Upper-class spoke French.
Literature is a leisure activity.
Creation of the Language
 Over time the language barrier became blurred.
English would desire to speak French.
Normans had to speak English out of necessity.
 Written English survived in monasteries.
 “Middle class” were required to be fluent in both
English and French.
Results of the Norman Conquest
Political
King’s Court Central Figure
– previous British Earls more or less independent states
– Strict feudal system
 Organization
 Records
Economic, Political, Religious
Closer to the continent
– Commercial
 Trade
 Resources
– Political
 France
 Allies
– Religious
 Roman Catholic Church
 Norman Catholic Church
Social and Cultural
Introduction to cultural influence of the continent
– Normans
 Intellectual; readiness / mobile spirit
 self control / vigorous aggression
 Zest for refined life
light hearted song
fancy clothes
beautiful manuscripts
graceful architecture
– Chivalry
 linked to feudal obligations
Social and Cultural

romantic interest in woman
 reverence of the Virgin Mary
– Closer Relations with people, government, and church
 Rome / France / Papacy
– Superior Architecture
 Replaced Romanesque with Gothic
– Founding of Oxford and Cambridge
 Broaden intellectual horizons
 Literary and cultural centers of the country
Social and Cultural
 Involvement in the Crusades
– MORE ON THIS LATER
Re-establishment of English
 1200 – 1500
Loss of Normandy
Separation of French and English nobility
 1204 – 1205

King of France took back land of barons who held abodes in
England

Reaction to Foreigners
Henry III marriage to Elanor of Provence
– Gave her relatives many titles
– During his reign England was “eaten up” by strangers
– Great deal of damage to the language
“England for the English”
13th Century
 Upper class spoke French
French became the language for
– Social custom
– Business
– Administrative convention
 English made steady advances
14th Century
 English worked its way into legal and church
writings
 Henry III understood English
 Edward I was fluent in English
1272 - 1307
 French was losing its hold
The Crusades
History’s
Most
Successful
FAILURE
Get a sheet of paper and answer
the following question:
• Can something be a success and a
failure?
– Explain
– Any examples?
Background
• During the Middle Ages the
Catholic Church had risen in
power
• After the fall of Rome, the
Eastern portion of the
Empire became known as
the Byzantine Empire
Many were uncertain where life would
lead them and many tragic events lead
people to have a higher believe in
GOD (Rise of Christianity)
Crusades
• A long series of wars
between Christians
and Muslims
• They fought over
control of Jerusalem
which was called the
Holy Land because it
was the region where
Jesus had lived,
preached and died
Causes of the Crusades
Muslim Turks
captured Jerusalem
from the Byzantine
Empire
Muslims stopped
Christians from
Visiting Holy Land
Christian pilgrims
were attacked
Byzantine Empire
feared attack on
Constantinople
The Call to Arms
• Pope Urban II
called for the
defeat of the
Turks, returning
the Holy Land to
the Christians
Who Answered the Call?
•Feudal Lords
•Knights
•Peasants
The First Crusade (1096-1099)
• Peasant army
– Untrained
– Lacked military
equipment
– Many killed by
Muslim Turks
• Knights
– Succeeded in
capturing Jerusalem
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• After victory many Christians went back
home.
• The Turks eventually took back much of
the territory.
• King of France and Emperor of Germany
sent troops to stop the Turks.
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• Saladin leads the
Muslim Turks to
victory, defeating
the Christians
• * He was considered a very
wise ruler. He was known for
his sometimes kind treatment
of fallen enemies. Many
Christians saw him as a model
of knightly chivalry.
Third Crusade (1189-1192)
• King Richard of
England convinces
the Turks to allow
Christians to visit
the Holy Land
Crusades Continue Through 1200’s
• Several more crusades attempted with no
victories for the Christians
• Children’s crusade, - 30,000 soldiers many of them under 12 years old – Never
made it to the Holy Land
Results of the Crusades
• I.F. Turks Traveled they would Trade
• I = Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers
• F = Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or
spend too much money on military.
• T = Turks still rule the Holy Land
• T = Travel – Europeans want to travel more
• T = Trade – Europeans want product from the East
such as sugar, cotton, silk, spices, etc.
The Great Schism, 1378-1417
The Great Schism
• Moving the papacy from Rome to
Avignon in 1309 caused an outcry,
especially from Italians.
• Critics of the papacy, especially
Marsilius of Padua and William of
Ockham, believed that Christians
themselves formed the Church.
Pope Gregory XI
Pope Gregory XI. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Web. 26 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/121969/PopeGregory-XI>.
• Stung by his critics,
Gregory leaves
Avignon to return to
Rome.
• Romans insist on
selecting a Roman
or at least an Italian.
• They chose Urban
VI, an Italian.
Pope Urban VI
• Cardinals expected to gain
important posts in
government.
• But Urban started taking
away their wealth &
privileges.
• French cardinals upset and
met separately, calling on
Urban to resign.
• When he refused, they
elected their own pope;
Clement VII.
Pope Clement VII
• Clement moves to
Avignon, starting the
Great Schism.
• All of Europe begins
to take sides.
Taking Sides in the Schism
Clement VII (Avignon)
France
Burgundy, Scotland, Castile
Portugal
Urban VI (Rome)
England, Italy
Holy Roman Empire,
Poland, Hungary
Portugal
The Great Schism
• Each side excommunicated the other. In effect,
everyone in Europe was excommunicated by one of
the popes.
• Many thought the crisis called for a council, even
though that went against papal authority.
• Cardinals loyal to neither pope met in 1409 at the
Council of Pisa.
• Council deposed both popes and elected a new one,
but Clement & Urban refused to acknowledge them.
• Now there were three popes!
The Great Schism
• Successor to the newest pope, John XXIII, convened
a church council at Constance in 1414.
• Delegates deposed John XXIII and accepted the
resignation of the pope at Rome.
• After long negotiations, the Avignon pope resigned,
too.
• The Council then elected Martin V, who was
recognized by the rulers of Europe as the one true
pope.
• The Great Schism was over.
The Hundred Years’ War
Hundred Years War
England & France forged their
identities
Fought intermittently between 1337 &
1453
Began as a feudal war – developed two
powerful & territorially integrated
states
1337 – 1453
England and France
fought over English
feudal claims to the
French throne
116 years of
intermittent war
England won every
important battle
Except the last one
Causes
Aquitaine
Inherited in the 12thC by England (Capetian dynasty)
Capetian dynasty died out in 1328
 French nobles did not want England’s king Edward III to
exercise his royal claim in France.
 French nobles seeking to weaken French monarchy supported
Edward
 Econ competition over the rich Flemish wool-producing
towns
 Flemish aristocracy supported France
 Merchant class suported England
The war presented many opportunities for honor,
advancement, and wealth for nobles
• Importance
• Nationalism grows
• Both countries sesationalized the evils of the other
• Fostered mutual hatred
• Military
• Ended medieval tactics and chivalric rules of war
• England won most of the battles
• Used artillery for the 1st time & the longbow,
• Which unhorsed knights in armor, superior to the crossbow
• The cannon meant stone castles were obsolete
• France won the war
• Joan of Arc – spurred nationalistic fervor
• Joan of Arc
• Peasant girl
• 16 years old
• Heard voices urging her to help the dauphin (uncrowned king)
• Convinced king to allow her to accompany an army to the siege of
Orleans.
• Her leadership inspired the soldiers
• 10 days later England withdrew
• 10 days after that Charles was crowned
• Joan was captured by Burgundians
• Sold her to England
• Tried and executed for witchcraft and heresy
• Cut her hair
• Wore men’s clothes
• Claimed to hear directly from God
• Became one of two patron saints of France
• Consequences
• Death Toll was huge in contrast to medieval wars
• Economies in France where the battles were fought, were devastated.
• England’s economy suffered due to the stunning costs of the war
• Plunder soldiers brought back added to their coffers
• Gov raised taxes on wool – making it harder to sell aboard, thus
hurting the econ
• Parliament grew - Constitutional Monarchy advanced
• Edward III called Parliament into session 37 our of the 50 years of his
reign to ask for finances for the war.
• Commons separated from the Lords
• Commons – knights and wealthy burgers
• Right to approve non-feudal levies – financial power
• England only had one Parliament – other countries had dominate
regional/provincial assemblies
• Seeds of change – Parliament
• Limited monarchy (nearly 800 years)
• Origin
• The Magna Carta
The barons of England forced King John to sign – 1215
Estab. Limitations on royal power
Restricted judicial powers of the king
Protected the barons, clergy and burghers (wealthy townsmen)
from arbitrary arrest or cruel punishment
• Granted trial by jury
• Required the “common consent of the realm” for new taxes
•
•
•
•
• During the 100 Years’ War
• The king needed the common consent to acquire more
(and more) funds for the war
• Parliament became more powerful
• A feudal origin the Magna Carta guaranteed right to the ruling
elites, that were extended over the centuries to all royal
subjects