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សាកលវិទ្យាល័យភ្នំពេញអន្តរជាតិ
Phnom Penh International University
Quality Excellence Innovation
Computer Literacy
2013-2014
1
Chapter 1
Computer History
2
Objectives
After this chapter, students would be able to:
•Computer Definition
•Information Processing Cycle
•Computer Application in Societies
•History of Computer
•Computer Generations
3
What Is a Computer?
 A computer is an electronic device, operating under the
control of instructions stored in its own memory.
Collects data
(input)
Processing
Produces
information
(output)
Information Processing Cycle
4
Information Processing Cycle
5
Computers are everywhere
6
Computer Interconnection
7
Examples of Computer Usage
8
Examples of Computer Usage cont’…
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Computer Applications in Society
10
Computer Applications in Society Cont’…
11
Abacus
Chinese abacus
Roman abacus
Representation of
an Inca quipu
Japanese abacus
Native American abaci Russian abacus School abacus
Binary abacus
12
History cont’…
 1614 - John Napier develops method for
performing calculations using Algorithm
13
Chapter 1 Cont’ …
1642- Blaise Pascal built the first mechanical
adding machine in based on a design
described calculator is still used today in
water meters and modern-day odometers.
14
Pascaline Machine
15
History cont’…
 1822 - Charles Babbage originated the
modern analytic computer, he invented the
principle of the analytical engine, the
forerunner of the modern electronic computer.
 1828 - Augusta Ada Byron Introduce
Programming Language.
16
Different Engine
17
18
Chapter 1 Cont’ …
 1844 - George Boole As the inventor of Boolean
logic, the basis of modern digital computer logic
Boole is regarded in hindsight as a founder of the
field of computer sciences.
 1860 - Augustus De Morgan defined the term
mathematical induction putting a process of gate.
19
George Boole
20
1st Generation (1941-1956)
The first electronic computers were
developed in the mid-20th century(19411956).
The Zuse Z3, 1941, considered the
world's first working programmable,
fully automatic computing machine.
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Zuse Z3 (1941)
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1st Generation cont’…
World War gave rise to numerous
developments and started off the computer
age Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) .
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1946, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer)
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ENIAC Cont’…
25
1st Generation cont’…
It consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes and
7000 resistors. It was developed by John
Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly and
was a general purpose computer.
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Vacuum Tube
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1st Generation cont’…
Von Neumann designed the Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
(EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to hold
both a stored program as well as data.
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1945, EDVAC
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1st Generation cont’…
1949 , EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Calculator) was one of the
first computers to implement the stored
program (Von Neumann British)
architecture.
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1949, EDSAC
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1st Generation cont’…
Then in 1951 came the Universal Automatic
Computer (UNIVAC I), designed by
Remington rand and collectively owned by
US census bureau and General Electric.
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1951,UNIVAC I
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1952, UNIVAC
34
nd
2
Generation (1956-1963)
The invention of Transistors
marked the start of the second
generation(1956-1963).
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Transistor
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2nd Generation cont’…
Second generation computers also started
showing the characteristics of modern day
computers with utilities such as printers,
disk storage and operating systems.
37
2nd Generation cont’…
 High-level languages such as COBOL (Common
Business-Oriented Language) and FORTRAN
(Formula Translator) were used, and they are still
used for some applications nowadays.
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3rd Generation (1964-1971)
The Integrated Circuit(IC) was invented in
1958 by Jack Kilby.
39
Jack Kilby's original integrated circuit
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3rd Generation cont’…
It combined electronic components onto
a small silicon disc, made from quartz.
More advancement made possible the
fittings of even more components on a
small chip or a semiconductor.
41
Semiconductor
MOSFET Semiconductor
IBM System/360
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4th Generation (1971-1990)
The Size started to go down with the
improvement in the integrated circuits. Very
Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
43
Very Large Scale Integration
44
4th Generation cont’…
The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, took
the integrated circuit one step further by
locating all the components of a computer
(central processing unit, memory, and input
and output controls) on a minuscule chip.
45
Intel 4004
46
4th Generation cont’…
 First
came the minicomputers,
which offered users different
applications, most famous of these
the word processors and
spreadsheets, which could be used
by non-technical users.
47
4th Generation cont’…
Video game systems like
Atari 2600 generated the
interest of general populace
in the computers.
48
4th Generation cont’…
In 1981, IBM introduced personal
computers for home and office use. "The
number of personal computers in use
more than doubled from 2 million in
1981 to 5.5 million in 1982.
49
4th Generation cont’…
 Ten years later, 65 million PCs were being used.
 It went down from Desktop to laptops to Palmtops.
 Macintosh introduced Graphic User Interface in which
the users didn‘t have to type instructions but could use
Mouse for the purpose.
50
4th Generation cont’…
 The continued improvement allowed the networking
of computers for the sharing of data.
 Local Area Networks(LAN) and Wide Area
Network(WAN), were potential benefits, in that they
could be implemented in corporations and everybody
could share data over it.
51
4th Generation cont’…
 Soon the internet and World Wide Web appeared
on the computer scene and fermented the HiTech revolution of 90's.
52
5th Generation (1990-Present)
These computers will be under
Artificial Intelligence (AI), They will
be able to take commands in a audio
visual way and carry out
instructions.
53