Transcript chapter-06 - WordPress.com

សាកលវិទ្យាល័យភ្នំពេញអន្តរជាតិ
Phnom Penh International University
Quality Excellence Innovation
Computer Literacy
2011-2012
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Chapter 6
Motherboard
(System Board)
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Objective
 After this Chapter, students will be able to:
What is Motherboard
Devices which connect to motherboard
BIOS
CMOS
CPU
RAM
Expansion slot
Port
BUS
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How it work
Definition
 The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the
system board, mainboard, or, on Apple computers, the
logic board. It is also sometimes casually shortened to
board.
 In personal computers, a system board is the central
printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computers and
holds many of the crucial components of the system,
providing connectors for other peripherals.
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Definition
 The motherboard, like a backplane, provides the electrical connections by which
the other components of the system communicate, but unlike a backplane, it also
connects the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices.
 A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor, main memory, and
other essential components connected to the motherboard. Other
components such as external storage, controllers for video display and
sound, and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in
cards or via cables, although in modern computers it is increasingly common to
integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself.
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Overview of Motherboard
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Motherboard and Computer Speed
 A computer speed is depending on many parts. However, at least, the
speed of a computer is based on 4 mains hardware:
 CPU: Controlling and processing data. The higher speed (GHz), the
higher speed of processing data. The larger cache (MB), the faster of
pushing data to be process.
 RAM: Storing data temporary. The larger capacity (GB), the easier to
store data. The higher speed (MHz), the faster of computer
operating.
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Motherboard and Computer Speed
 HDD: The high speed of HDD (Round Per Minute, RPM), the
higher speed of getting data to process or store.
 Motherboard: is responsible for distributing data, commands, and
power from a hardware or from a place to another. The higher bus
speed (MHz), the higher speed of processing data. The larger cache
(MB), the better for gaming or doing something which would not
move lots of data.
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What Would Be Included?
 An
important component of a motherboard is the
microprocessor's supporting chipset, which provides
the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various
buses and external components.
 Modern motherboards include, at a minimum:
 Sockets (or slots) in which one or more microprocessors
may be installed
 Slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed
(typically in the form of DIMM modules containing DRAM
chips)
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What Would Be Included?
 A chipset which forms an interface between the CPU's front-side
bus, main memory, and peripheral buses
 Non-volatile memory chips (usually Flash ROM in modern
motherboards) containing the system's firmware or BIOS
 A clock generator which produces the system clock signal to
synchronize the various components
 Slots for expansion cards (these interface to the system via the buses
supported by the chipset)
 Power connectors, which receive electrical power from the
computer power supply and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main
memory, and expansion cards.
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What Would Be Included? (cont.)
Integrated peripherals
• For example, a typical modern budget motherboard for computers based on AMD
processors, has on-board support for a very large range of peripherals:
 integrated graphics controller supporting with VGA and TV output
 integrated sound card
 Network controller
 USB 2.0/3.0 controller supporting up to 12 USB ports
…
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What Would Be Included? (cont.)
Common Buses and their Max Bandwidth
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PCI
132 MBps
AGP 8X
2,100 MBps
PCI Express 1x
250 - 500 MBps
PCI Express 2x
500 - 1000 MBps
PCI Express 4x
1000 - 2000 MBps
PCI Express 8x
2000 - 4000 MBps
PCI Express 16x
4000 - 8000 MBps
PCI Express 32x
8000 - 16000 MBps
USB 2.0 (Max Possible)
60 MBps
USB 3.0 (Max Possible)
640 GBps
IDE (ATA100)
100 MBps
IDE (ATA133)
133 MBps
SATA
150 MBps
SATA II
300 MBps
BIOS
BIOS
• Motherboards contain some non-volatile memory to initialize the
system and load an operating system from some external peripheral
device. Microcomputers such as the Apple II and IBM PC used ROM chips,
mounted in sockets on the motherboard.
• If none is available, then the computer can perform tasks from other memory
stores or display an error message, depending on the model and design of the
computer and version of the BIOS.
• Most modern motherboard designs use a BIOS, stored in an EEPROM chip
soldered or socketed to the motherboard, to bootstrap an operating system.When
power is first applied to the motherboard, the BIOS firmware tests and configures
memory, circuitry, and peripherals
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BIOS (cont.)
• On recent motherboards, the BIOS may also patch the central processor
microcode if the BIOS detects that the installed CPU is one in for which errata
has been published. Many of the above devices can be stored with machine code
instructions to load an operating system or program.
• There are 2 types of mainboard:
 (Normal)mainboard which needs to add expansion cards (VGA card, Sound
card,…)
 Built-in mainboard is a motherboard which include VGA, or sound card,…
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CMOS
• CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes little power
• Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) is a technology for constructing
integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM,
and other digital logic circuits.
• CMOS technology is also used for several analog circuits such as image sensors (CMOS sensor),
data converters, and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication.
CMOS Battery
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(Normal) Mainboard
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Built-in Mainboard
Built-in:
• Sound Card
• Modem Card
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Slots: PCI
• PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect): is a
computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a
computer. These devices can take either the form of an
integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard itself,
called a planar device in the PCI specification, or an
expansion card that fits into a slot.
• Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: network cards,
sound cards, modems, extra ports such as USB or
serial, TV tuner cards and disk controllers. PCI video
cards replaced ISA cards until growing bandwidth
requirements outgrew the capabilities of PCI; the
preferred interface for video cards became AGP, and
then PCI Express. PCI video cards remain available for
use with old PCs without AGP or PCI Express slots.
• Note: Usually, PCI slots are white.
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Slots: ISA
• ISA (Industry Standard Architecture): is a computer bus
standard for IBM PC compatible computers introduced
with the IBM Personal Computer to support its Intel
8088 microprocessor's 8-bit external data bus and
extended to 16 bits for the IBM Personal
Computer/AT's Intel 80286 processor.
• The ISA bus was further extended for use with 32-bit
processors as Extended Industry Standard Architecture
(EISA). For general desktop computer use it has been
supplanted by later buses such as IBM Micro Channel,
VESA Local Bus, Peripheral Component Interconnect
and other successors.
• Note: Usually, ISA slots are black.
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How to Plug an Expansion Card
With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can configure adapter cards and other peripherals as you install
them
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RAM: Slots DIMM
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• A DIMM (dual in-line memory module) comprises a
series of dynamic random access memory integrated circuits.
These modules are mounted on a printed circuit board and
designed for use in personal computers, workstations and
servers.
• DIMMs began to replace SIMMs (single in-line memory
modules) as the predominant type of memory module as Intel
P5-based Pentium processors began to gain market share.
• The main difference between SIMMs and DIMMs is that DIMMs
have separate electrical contacts on each side of the module,
while the contacts on SIMMs on both sides are redundant.
• The processor would then access the two SIMMs simultaneously.
DIMMs were introduced to eliminate this practice.
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Ports
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BUSES
• A bus allows the various devices both
inside and attached to the system unit to
communicate with each other
– Data bus
– Address bus
• Word size is the number of bits the
processor can interpret and execute at a
given time
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