Transcript JEMAAYMAH_1x

NAME:GIMBA FAITH JEMIMAH
COURSE CODE:EMS 303
COURSE TITLE: MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION SYSTEM
MATRIC NUM: 13/SMS02/049
QUESTION: THE RECENT
ADVANCEMENT AND APPLICATION IN
TOUCHSCREEN TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO TOUCHSCREEN
A touch screen is a display that also serves as an input device.
Some touch screens require a proprietary pen for input, though
most modern touch screens detect human touch. Since touch
screen devices accept input directly through the screen, they do not
require external input devices, such as mice and keyboards. This
makes touch screens ideal for computer kiosks, as well as portable
devices, such as tablets and smartphones. While a touch screen
may look like an ordinary display, the screen includes several extra
layers that detect input. The first layer is a hard protective layer that
protects the actual display and the touch screen components.
Beneath the protective layer is an electronic grid that detects input.
Most modern touch screens use capacitive material for this grid, in
which the electrical charge changes wherever the screen is
touched. Beneath the touch screen layer is the LCD layer, which is
used for the actual display.
While early touch screens could only detect a single point of input at a
time, modern touch screens support "multi-touch" input. This technology,
which was made popular by the original iPhone, enables the screen to detect
multiple finger motions at once. For example, on some touch screen devices,
you can rotate an image by twisting three fingers in a clockwise or
counterclockwise motion. Many touch screen applications also allow you
zoom in and out by spreading two fingers apart or pinching them together.
Thanks to multi-touch and other improvements in touch screen technology,
today's touch screens are easier and more natural to use than they used to
be. In fact, improved touch screen technology has greatly contributed to the
popularity of the iPad and other tablet PCs.
•Touch screens have several advantages over other pointing devices:
•A touch screen is very intuitive
•easy to use, as the user simply touches what he or she sees on the display.
•save space as no keyboard or mouse is required.
•Touch monitors can even be mounted on the wall.
•Touching a visual display of choices requires little thinking and is a form of
direct manipulation that is easy to learn.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
COMPUTER
First General-purpose Electronic Computer
In 1937, Claude Elwood Shannon, then a graduate student at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, wrote a Master’s thesis
demonstrating that the electrical application of Boolean algebra could
represent and solve any numerical or logical relationship. The use of
electrical switches to do logic is the basic concept that underlies all
electronic digital computers.
ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, was the
first general-purpose electronic computer. It derived its speed advantage
over previous electromechanical computers from using digital electronics
with no moving parts. Designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables
for the U.S. Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory, ENIAC was capable of
being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.
Digital computers incorporate electrical circuits that perform Boolean
logic. Boolean logic works by operating with TRUE and FALSE, or 1’s and
0’s. The basic data unit, which can have a value of 1 or 0, is called a bit. A
wire that carries a certain voltage can represent a Boolean 1, and one that
does not can represent a
Certain voltage can represent a Boolean 1, and one that does not can represent a
Boolean 0. Digital computers can perform very complex tasks by replicating and combining
a small number of basic electrical circuits that perform corresponding Boolean functions.
The most basic Boolean functions are NOT, OR, and AND. The NOT (inverter) circuit takes
one bit as input and provides its opposite value as output. The OR circuit takes two bits, A
and B, as inputs and provides an output C that is 1 if either A or B is 1 (or both A and B are
1), and is 0 if both A and B are 0. The AND circuit sets output C to 1 if inputs A and B are
both 1, otherwise C is set to 0.The Army contract for ENIAC was signed on June 5, 1943 with
the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Electrical Engineering. Developed by a
team led by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly, ENIAC was unveiled on February 14,
1946 at the University of Pennsylvania, having cost almost $500,000. ENIAC was shut down
late in 1946 for a refurbishment and a memory upgrade, and in 1947 it was transferred to
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. On July 29 of that year, it was turned on and
remained in operation until October 2, 1955.In its original form, ENIAC did not have a
central memory. Its programming was determined by the settings of switches and cable
connections. Improvements to ENIAC’s design were introduced over time. In 1953, a 100word magnetic core memory was added.
ENIAC’s physical size was massive. It contained 17,468 vacuum tubes and 70,000 resistors,
and weighed 30 tons. ENIAC was roughly 8-1/2 feet by 3 feet by 80 feet in size, covered an
area of 680 square feet, and consumed 160 kilowatts of power. An IBM card reader was
used for input, and an IBM card punch machine was used for output. The punched cards
could be used to produce printed output offline using an IBM tabulating machine.
The First Transistors
The first transistors were developed at AT&T’s Bell Laboratories by Walter Brattain, John
Bardeen, and Robert Gibney in 1947. The initial semiconductor devices, point contact
electronic amplifiers, were made of germanium, plastic and gold.
In 1951, Bell Laboratories developed a junction transistor made of sandwiched
semiconductor layers using germanium, gallium and antimony in its construction. This new
type of transistor, following a concept envisioned by Robert Shockley, was a more efficient
amplifier than the point contact type.
Under licenses granted by AT&T, hundreds of companies soon began to manufacture
durable and energy-efficient transistors that began to replace fragile vacuum tubes in
telephone equipment, computers, and radios. In 1954, Gordon Teal, then working at Texas
Instruments, developed the first practical transistor that used silicon instead of germanium.
The silicon transistors that Texas Instruments produced had an advantage over the earlier
germanium transistors, in that they were less likely to fail at high temperatures.
Solid State (Core) Memory
In the early 1950’s, An Wang, working at Harvard University, and Jay Forrester, at
MIT, contributed to the development of a practical magnetic core computer memory.
With no moving parts, it was highly reliable. This form of solid state memory was
used to provide main memory storage for a computer’s central
processing unit. Small ferrite rings (cores) were held together about 1 mm
apart in a grid layout, with wires woven through the middle of the rings. Each
ring stored one bit (a magnetic polarity). By applying currents to wires in
particular directions, magnetic fields were induced that caused a core’s
magnetic field to point in one direction or another. Once set, the magnetic
polarity remained after electric current was removed. Current applied to
selected wires was used to set, read and reset specific cores in the grid.
Early Computers
In 1946, Engineering Research Associates (ERA) was developing purpose-built
code-breaking machines for the U.S. Navy in St. Paul, Minnesota. Their
activities led ERA to develop expertise in magnetic drum and paper tape data
storage devices. The Navy awarded ERA a contract to develop a
programmable code-breaking machine in 1947. The resulting device, the ERA
Atlas, completed in 1950, was the first stored-program electronic computer.
ERA marketed it as the ERA 1101.
TOUCHSCREEN TECHNOLOGY
Touch screen technology has the potential to replace most functions of
the mouse and keyboard. The touchscreen interface is being used in a
wide variety of applications to improve human-computer interaction. As
the technology advances, people may be able to operate computers
without mice and keyboards. Because of its convenience, touch screen
technology solutions has been applied more and more to industries,
applications, products and services, such as Kiosks, POS (Point-of-Sale),
consumer electronics, tablet PC, moderate to harsh Machine Control,
Process Control, System Control/Office Automation and Car PC,
etc.
The touch panels themselves are based around four basic screen
technologies: Resistive, Capacitive, Infrared (IR), and Surface Acoustical
Wave (SAW). Each of those designs has distinct advantages and
disadvantages. Note: many of these are designed to comply with specific
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards to meet
various installation requirements. For more information about NEMA
standards, visit www.nema.org.
Advantages Of Touch screen
Touch-screen technology has found use in devices ranging from cell phones
to supermarket checkouts. While implementing a touch screen may involve
additional expenses above other methods of input, it can offer some significant
advantages. Before you implement touch screens in your business, consider the
value they could bring to employees and customers alike.
One major advantage touch screens have over other input methods is ease
of use. While the usual combination of keyboard and mouse is familiar to most
users, the practice of reaching out and touching icons on a screen comes
intuitively even to those without a computer background. A touch-screen
interface can reduce training time for employees and empower customers to
look up information or place orders themselves using self-service kiosks. Touch
screens can also be a benefit to employees juggling multiple tasks, since an easy
touch-screen interface requires less concentration to use than a mouse and
keyboard. Touch screens also increase the speed of tasks. When a user picks up
a computer mouse or touches a trackball, there is always a moment of
uncertainty as he has to locate the pointer, adjust his movements to match
mouse acceleration and so on. Touch screens allow users to select icons directly,
without worrying about translating horizontal mouse movement to a vertical
screen.
Disadvantages Of Touchscreen
-The screen has to be big enough to be able to touch the buttons without missing
-Having a big bright screen and needing massive computing power to run this
means a very low battery life
-In direct sunlight it is much less efficient and most of the time very difficult to read
the screen
-If a touch screen devise were to crash the whole screen would be unresponsive,
and because of the lack of buttons recovering it would be very difficult
-The screens will get very dirty
-You have to be within a
Current Touchscreen Issues
While touchscreens provide a versatile user experience, they provide no tactile experience for
consumers. Vibration haptics and similar solutions try to simulate a sensation of touch, but all
are “feedback” technologies, vibrating only after touching the screen (even if they are touched
in the wrong place or by mistake). In contrast, Tactus’ technology creates real, physical buttons,
where users can rest their fingers on the buttons, as on a mechanical keyboard, and input data
by pressing down on the keys. Tactus is the only solution to both “orientation” and
“confirmation” problems that are inherent in touch screens.
Possible Applications;
Smart Phones
Tablets & Mobile Computers
eBook Readers
Gaming Devices
Personal Navigation Devices
Remote Controls
Medical Devices
Desktop Phones
Automotive Displays
1990s: Touchscreens for everyone!
In 1993, IBM and BellSouth teamed up to launch the Simon
Personal Communicator, one of the first cellphones with
touchscreen technology. It featured paging capabilities, an email and calendar application, an appointment schedule, an
address book, a calculator, and a pen-based sketchpad. It also
had a resistive touchscreen that required the use of a stylus to
navigate through menus and to input data.
Apple also launched a touchscreen PDA device that year: the
Newton PDA. Though the Newton platform had begun in 1987,
the MessagePad was the first in the series of devices from
Apple to use the platform. As Time notes, Apple's CEO at the
time, John Sculley, actually coined the term "PDA" (or
"personal digital assistant"). Like IBM's Simon Personal
Communicator, the MessagePad 100 featured handwriting
recognition software and was controlled with a stylus.
Early reviews of the MessagePad focused on its useful features.
Once it got into the hands of consumers, however, its
shortcomings became more apparent. The handwriting
recognition software didn't work too well, and the Newton
didn't sell that many units. That didn't stop Apple, though; the
company made the Newton for six more years, ending with the
MP2000.
Punched Cards
Early digital computers used punched cards for data transfer and storage. The punched card
technology dates back to Herman Hollerith’s patent of 1884. Each card had 80 columns
arranged in 12 rows. The punches in each column coded for an alphanumeric character. The
rightmost 8 columns were sometimes reserved to assign card sequence numbers, and if so
up to 72 data characters could be coded for in one card. The characters could be printed on
the cards, so humans as well as computers could read them. The cards were made of heavy,
stiff paper, and were 3-1/4 inch x 7-3/8 inch in size.
The First Transistors
The first transistors were developed at AT&T’s Bell Laboratories by Walter Brattain, John
Bardeen, and Robert gibney in 1947. The initial semiconductor devices, point contact
electronic amplifiers, were made of germanium, plastic and gold.
• 2001: Alias|Wavefront's gesture-based
PortfolioWall
With so many different technologies accumulating in the
2000s and beyond
previous decades, the 2000s were the time for touchscreen
technologies to really flourish. We won't cover too many specific
devices here (more on those as this touchscreen series
continues), but there were advancements during this decade
that helped bring multitouch and gesture-based technology to
the masses. The 2000s were also the era when touchscreens
became the favorite tool for design collaboration.
As the new millennium approached, companies were pouring
more resources into integrating touchscreen technology into
their daily processes. 3D animators and designers were especially
targeted with the advent of the PortfolioWall. This was a largeformat touchscreen meant to be a dynamic version of the boards
that design studios use to track projects. Though development
started in 1999, the PortfolioWall was unveiled at SIGGRAPH in
2001 and was produced in part by a joint collaboration between
General Motors and the team at Alias|Wavefront. Buxton, who
now serves as principal research at Microsoft Research, was the
chief scientist on the project. "We're tearing down the wall and
changing the way people effectively communicate in the
workplace and do business," he said back then. "PortfolioWall's
gestural interface allows users to completely interact with a
digital asset. Looking at images now easily become part of an
everyday workflow."
.
Initially, computer users relied on computer operators and support personnel to
communicate with the computers. Computer users would typically prepare inputs by writing
on printed forms. The forms were taken to punch card machine operators that used them to
generate computer input cards. The input cards were assembled sequentially in card trays
and delivered to the computer room, where computer operators would add any necessary
computer instructions and use a card reader to feed the machine-readable cards to the
computer, causing a specific computer program to be executed. Computer jobs would execute
one at a time. Execution of jobs using the same basic computer setup would take place as a
batch, in a sequence determined by the operator. The operator would monitor job execution
and could interrupt or re-execute jobs as necessary. Job output would be in the form of
computer-generated punched cards, which could then be input to a printer to obtain printed
output. A courier would return the submitted inputs and deliver the printed job output to the
user.
Computers and their peripheral equipment, such as card readers and tape drives, consumed
significant amounts of electrical power and often required special air-conditioning equipment.
2006: Multitouch sensing through
“frustrated total internal
reflection”
In 2006, Jeff Han gave the first public demonstration of
his intuitive, interface-free, touch-driven computer screen
at a TED Conference in Monterey, CA. In his presentation,
Han moved and manipulated photos on a giant light box
using only his fingertips. He flicked photos, stretched
them out, and pinched them away, all with a captivating
natural ease. "This is something Google should have in
their lobby," he joked. The demo showed that a highresolution, scalable touchscreen was possible to build
without spending too much money.
Han had discovered that the "robust" multitouch sensing
was possible using "frustrated total internal reflection"
(FTIR), a technique from the biometrics community used
for fingerprint imaging. FTIR works by shining light
through a piece of acrylic or plexiglass. The light (infrared
is commonly used) bounces back and forth between the
top and bottom of the acrylic as it travels.
A diagram of Jeff
Han's multitouch
sensing used FTIR.
Acoustic pulse recognition:
Acoustic pulse recognition was release in 2006 and introduced by Tyco International’s
Elo division, this technology was using piezoelectric sensors situated at several locations
which are around the screens and use to convert the mechanical energy of a touch, also
call as vibration into an electronic signal. This technology screen hardware is same like
dispersive signal technology which are using algorithm to detect the actual position of
the touch depend on the sensors signal. The generally material to made the touchscreen is glass, it will giving the touch-screen a good durability and optical clarity.
Whatever the screen is full with scratches or dust, this technology also able to perform
with a good accuracy. Besides that, this touch-screen technology is also good fit to
demonstrates that are physical larger. A system which are installing with a dispersive
signal technology, the system is unable to determine a stirless finger after the initial
touch. But with the same reason above, identification is not interrupt by any remaining
objects. (Wisegeek, 2010)
There are a lot of majors’ methods to develop a touch-screen. The mains purpose for
the touch-screen is to detect one or more finger or stylus which are touching on a
display screen and use to constructing the pragmatic sanction that are representative,
also use to convey the pragmatic sanction to the suitable system.