Transcript Evolution of Computer Power/Cost - MIS315-05

Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112
TECHNOLOGY GUIDE ONE
Computer Hardware
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Technology Guide Outline
• TG1.1 Introduction
• TG1.2 The Central Processing Unit
• TG1.3 Computer Memory
• TG1.4 Computer Hierarchy
• TG1.5 Input and Output Technologies
• TG1.6 Innovations in Hardware Utilization
• TG1.7 Strategic Hardware Issues
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Learning Objectives
• Identify the major hardware components of a
computer system.
• Describe the design and functioning of the central
processing unit.
• Discuss the relationships between microprocessor
component designs and performance.
• Describe the main types of primary and secondary
storage.
• Distinguish between primary and secondary storage
along the dimensions of speed, cost, and capacity.
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Learning Objectives
• Define enterprise storage and describe the various
types of enterprise storage.
• Describe the hierarchy of computers according to
power and their respective roles.
• Differentiate among the various types of input and
output technologies and their uses.
• Discuss the innovations in hardware utilization.
• Discuss strategic issues that link hardware design to
business strategy.
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TG1.1 Introduction
• Hardware refers to the physical equipment used for
the input, processing, output and storage activities of a
computer system.
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Hardware consists of:
• Central processing unit (CPU)
– manipulates data; controls the tasks performed by the other components.
• Primary storage
– internal to the CPU; temporarily stores data & program instructions
during processing.
• Secondary storage
– external to the CPU; stores data & programs for future use.
• Input technologies
– accept data & instructions and converts them to a form that the
computer can understand.
• Output technologies
– presents data & information in a form people can understand.
• Communication technologies
– provide for the flow of data from external computer networks (e.g. the
Internet and intranets) to the CPU, and from the CPU to computer
networks.
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TG1.2 The Central Processing Unit
• Central processing unit (CPU) performs the actual
computation or “number crunching” inside any
computer.
• Microprocessor is made up of millions of microscopic
transistors embedded in a circuit on a silicon chip.
– Control Unit sequentially accesses program instructions,
decodes them and controls the flow of data to and from the
ALU, the registers, the caches, primary storage, secondary
storage and various output devices.
– Arithmetic-logic Unit (ALU) performs the mathematic
calculations and makes logical comparisons.
– Registers are high-speed storage areas that store very small
amounts of data & instructions for short periods of time.
– Primary Storage temporarily stores data & program
instructions during processing.
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
(continued)
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How the CPU Works (continued)
See this view from Intel of how a chip works
http://www.intel.com/education/mpworks/intro.htm
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Advances in Microprocessor Design
• Moore’s Law=microprocessor complexity would double every
two years as a result of the following changes:
– Increasing miniaturization of transistors.
– Making the physical layout of the chip’s components as compact and
efficient as possible.
– Using materials for the chip that improve the conductivity (flow) of
electricity.
– Targeting the amount of basic instructions programmed into the chip.
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Evolution of Computer Power/Cost
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What factors determine the speed of the
microprocessor?
• Microprocessor speed is rated in machine instruction
cycles per second, or MIPS. MIPS are determined by the
following factors:
– The preset speed of the clock that times all chip activities,
measured in megahertz (MHz). The faster the clock speed the
faster the chip (a 500 MHz chip is less than a 1.0 GHz chip).
– The word length, which is the number of bits (0s and 1s) that can
be processed at any time. Today’s chips are designed to handle
32-bit, or 64-bit word length. The larger the word length, the
faster the chip.
– The bus width. The wider the bus (the physical avenues down
which the data and information travel as electrical impulses), the
more data can be moved and the faster the processing. Buses are
measured in microns (millionths of a meter).
– The physical design of the chip. Specifically, the distance
between transistors is known as line width. The smaller the line
width, the more transistors, and the faster the chip.
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How the CPU Works-Definitions
• Binary form
– The form in which data & instructions can be read by the CPU – only 0s
and 1s.
• Machine instruction cycle:
– The cycle of computer processing, whose speed is measured in terms of the
number of instructions a chip processes per second.
• Clock speed:
– The preset speed of the computer clock that times all chip activities,
measured in megahertz and gigahertz.
• Word length:
– The number of bits (0s and 1s) that can be processed by the CPU at any one
time.
• Bus width:
– The size of the physical paths down which the data and instructions travel as
electrical impulses on a computer chip.
• Line width:
– The distance between transistors; the smaller the line width, the faster the
chip.
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Digital Data Representation Handout
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TG1.3 Computer Memory
Two basic categories of computer memory:
– Primary Storage
• Stores small amounts of data and information that will
be immediately used by the CPU.
– Secondary Storage
• Stores much larger amounts of data and information (an
entire software program, for example) for extended
periods of time.
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Memory Capacity
• Bit:
– Short for binary digit (0s and 1s), the only data that a CPU
can process.
• Byte:
– An 8-bit string of data, needed to represent any one
alphanumeric character or simple mathematical operation.
In this picture, one byte,
01001000, represents
the letter H
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Hierarchy of Memory Capacity
• Bit
– One binary digit
• Byte
– 8 bits
• Kilobyte (KB)
– Approximately one thousand
bytes, (1024 or 210 bytes)
• Megabyte (MB)
– Approximately one million
bytes (1,048,576 bytes, or
1,024 x 1,024 or 220 bytes).
• Gigabyte (GB)
– Actually 1,073,741,824 bytes
(1,024 x 1,024 x 1,024 or 230
bytes).
• Terabyte
– One trillion bytes, or 240
bytes.
• Petabyte
– One thousand terabytes,
or 250 bytes.
• Exabyte
– One thousand petabytes,
or 260 bytes.
• Zettabyte
– One thousand exabytes.
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Primary Storage
• Primary storage or main memory stores three types of
information for very brief periods of time:
1. Data to be processed by the CPU;
2. Instructions for the CPU as to how to process the data;
3. Operating system programs that manage various aspects of
the computer’s operation.
• Primary storage takes place in chips mounted on the
computer’s main circuit board, called the
motherboard.
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Main Types of Primary Storage
• Registers
– Registers are part of the CPU with the least capacity, storing
extremely limited amounts of instructions and data only
immediately before and after processing.
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
– The part of primary storage that holds a software program and
small amounts of data when they are brought from secondary
storage.
• Cache Memory
– A type of primary storage where the computer can temporarily
store blocks of data used more often.
• Read-only Memory (ROM)
– Type of primary storage where certain critical instructions are
safeguarded; the storage is nonvolatile and retains the instructions
when the power to the computer is turned off.
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Internal workings of personal
computer
Hard
disk
drive
Floppy
disk
drive
CPU
board
with
fan
RAM
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Primary versus Secondary Memory
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Secondary Storage
• Memory capacity that can store very large amounts of
data for extended periods of time.
• It is non-volatile.
• It takes much more time to retrieve data because of
the electromechanical nature.
–
–
–
–
–
Magnetic tape (sequential access)
Magnetic disks (direct access)
Optical storage devices
Flash memory devices
Enterprise Storage Systems
• It is cheaper than primary storage.
• It can take place on a variety of media.
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Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tape reel
Magnetic tape cartridge
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Hard Drive
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The IBM Microdrive
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Optical Storage Devices
• Optical storage devices: A form of secondary storage
in which a laser reads the surface of a reflective
plastic platter.
– Compact disk, read-only memory (CD-ROM): A form of
secondary storage that can be only read and not written on.
– Digital video disk (DVD): An optical storage device used to
store digital video or computer data.
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Flash Memory Devices
• Non-volatile memory that can be erased and
reprogrammed.
– Flash memory devices
– Thumb drive
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Enterprise Storage Systems
• An independent, external system with intelligence that
includes two or more storage devices.
• Three types of enterprise storage:
– Redundant arrays of independent disks (RAID): An
enterprise storage system that links groups of standard hard
drives to a specialized microcontroller that coordinates the
drives so they appear as a single logical drive.
– Storage area network (SAN): An enterprise storage system
architecture for building special, dedicated networks that
allow rapid and reliable access to storage devices by
multiple servers.
– Network-attached storage (NAS) device is a special-purpose
server that provides file storage to users who access the
device over a network; plug-and-play.
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TG1.4 Computer Hierarchy
• Supercomputers – Greatest processing power
available
• Mainframe Computers – Relatively large computers
used by 1000s of users.
• Midrange Computers - computers that are more
powerful and capable than personal computers but
less powerful and capable than mainframe computers.
• Workstations
• Notebooks and Desktop Computers
• Ultra-mobile PCs
• Computing devices
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NASA Supercomputer
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Mainframes and Mid-range computers
IBM iSeries
midrange
computer
IBM System Z
mainframe
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Desktops, Laptops, Notebooks
Dell
desktop
HP notebook
IBM Thinkpad
laptop (now
Lenovo)
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Ultramobile PC
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TG1.5 Input and Output Technologies
• Input technologies allow people and other
technologies to put data into a computer.
• Output technologies allow information generated by a
computer to be transmitted to the user via output
devices and media.
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Input Technologies
• The two main types of input devices are:
– Human Data-Entry Devices Include Keyboards, Mouse,
Trackball, Joystick, Touchscreen, Stylus and Voice
Recognition;
– Source-Data Automation Devices Input Data with Minimal
Human Intervention (E.G. Barcode Reader).
• Speed up data collection;
• Reduce errors;
• Gather data at the source of a transaction or other event.
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Output Technologies
• Output generated by a computer can be transmitted to
the user over several output devices and media, which
include:
–
–
–
–
Monitors
Printers
Plotters
Voice
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We’ve come a long way!
Keypunch
machine
Punch card
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Microsoft Seadragon
• Microsoft Seadragon is a very interesting interface.
See a demonstration here.
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The Multitouch Screen
Jeff Han presents the multitouch screen
at the TED talks.
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Microsoft Surface Computing
Microsoft Surface
Computing offers a new
interface for users. This
technology is also called
the Microsoft “coffee
table.” Demo
Another look at Microsoft
Surface Computing
Demo
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Bluetooth Laser Virtual Keyboard
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The Maltron Keyboard
• The Maltron keyboard is designed to lessen user
fatigue and perhaps carpal tunnel syndrome. Note the
angles of the keys and the many keys that are operated
with your thumbs.
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Multimedia Technology
• Multimedia technology is the computer-based
integration of text, sound, still images, animation and
digitized motion video.
• Merges capabilities of computers with televisions,
VCRs, CD players, DVD players, video and audio
recording equipment, music and gaming technologies.
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Multimedia Authoring System
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TG1.6 Innovations in Hardware Utilization
• Server Farms: massive data centers that contain thousands of networked
computer servers.
• Virtualization: using software to create partitions on a single server so that
multiple applications can run on a single server.
• Grid computing involves applying the resources of many computers in a
network to a single problem at the same time.
• Utility computing (also called subscription computing and on-demand
computing) is when a service provider makes computing resources and
infrastructure management available to a customer as needed for a charge
based on specific usage rather than a flat rate.
• Edge Computing: process where parts of Web content and processing are
located close to the user to decrease response time and lower processing
costs.
• Autonomic Computing: systems that manage themselves without direct
human intervention.
• Nanotechnology refers to the creation of materials, devices and systems at a
scale of 1 to 100 nanometers (billionths of a meter).
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TG1.7 Strategic Hardware Issues
• How do organizations keep up with the rapid price
and performance advancements in hardware?
• How often should an organization upgrade its
computers and storage systems?
• Will upgrades increase personal and organizational
productivity?
• How can organizations measure such increase?
• How do organizations manage telecommuting?
• Do you want to be the one solving these problems?
– It could be part of your career . . .
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