Transcript I Generation : 1942 – 55

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
Prepared By: AHSAN RIAZ
Lecturer
Business Administration Dept GC University FSD.
Email: [email protected]
McGraw-Hill Technology Education
Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Uses of Computer
• Positive Impacts of Computer on Society
• People use it for different tasks quickly & easily.
• It saves a lot of effort , time and make task easier.
• Many Organization uses it for maintaining record of their
customers.
• Banks uses it for maintaining accounts and daily
transactions and also online banking facility.
• People are using it for paying their bills and managing
their home budget etc.
• Used in education for improve teaching and learning
process. Example: educational games, learning foreign
languages.
• It is also used in medical, business, airlines and weather
forecasting etc.
Uses of Computer
• Negative Impacts of Computer on Society
• Unemployment: different tasks are performed
automatically by using computers. It reduces the need of
people and increase unemployment in society.
• Wastage of Time & Energy: Many people use it without
positive purpose. They play games and chat for long
time. It causes wastage of time and energy.
• Data Security: The data stored on computer can be
accessed by unauthorized persons through networks. It
has created serious problems to data security.
• Computer Crime: People use computer for negative
activities. They hacks the credit card numbers of the
people & use them for shopping.
Generation of Computers
The first electronic computer was designed
and built at the University of Pennsylvania
based on vacuum tube technology. Vacuum
tubes were used to perform logic operations
and to store data. Generations of computers
has been divided into five according to the
development of technologies used to fabricate
the processors, memories and I/O units.
I Generation : 1942 – 55
• Commercial computer age UNIVAC (UNIVERSAL
AUTOMATIC COMPUTER).
• Developed by two scientist MAUCHLY & ECHERT
at census department of united states in 1947.
• Generation era (1942-1955).
• Based on vacuum tubes (glass tube) controlled &
amplified the electronic signals.
• Example are UNIVAC-1 & ENIVAC-1.
II Generation : 1955 – 64
• Transistor replace vacuum tubes
• ( A transistor is a small device that transfers
electronic signals across a resistor
• Transistors design by three scientist of bell
laboratories including (BARDEEN,BRATTAIN and
SHOCKLEY)
• IBM-7094 series, IBM-1400 and CDC-164
III Generation : 1964 – 75
• Integrated Circuits (ICs) replaced Transistor
• Designed by Jack Kilby in 1958
• It combined electronic components on to a small silicon
disk.
• It contains thousand of transistors on a single IC chip called
semi-conductor.
• In third generation operating system allow the machines to
run many different applications.
• IBM 370, IBM System/360, UNIVAC 1108
IV Generation : 1975 – Present
• Invention of Microprocessor (is a small chip
containing thousand of ICs on it.
• Reduce the size of computer
• Modern microprocessor are usually one square
inch and can contain million of electronic circuits.
• First microprocessor was produced by Ted Hoff in
1971 for Intel Corporation and named as Intel
4004.
• Apple, Macintosh and IBM PC.
V Generation : Present to Beyond
• Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Computer can understand spoken words,
instructions and imitate human reasoning.
• Ability to translate foreign language are also
possible for fifth generation
• Scientist are working to increase the speed of
computer.
• Super computers comes under this category.
• Parallel processing
Types of Computer
• Analog Computers
• Digital Computers
Analog computer
• Analog computer measures and answer
the questions by the method of “HOW
MUCH”. The input data is not a number
infect a physical quantity like tem,
pressure, speed, velocity.
• Signals are continuous of (0 to 10 V)
• Accuracy 1% Approximately
• High speed
• Output is continuous
• Time is wasted in transmission time
Digital Computers
• Digital computer counts and answer the
questions by the method of “HOW Many”. The
input data is represented by a number. These
are used for the logical and arithmetic
operations.
• Signals are two level of (0 V or 5 V)
• Accuracy unlimited
• low speed sequential as well as parallel
processing
• Output is continuous but obtain when
computation is completed.
Classification of Computers
• Mainframes
– Used in large
organizations
– Handle thousands
of users
– Users access
through a terminal
1A-13
Classification of Computers
• Minicomputers
–
–
–
–
–
1A-14
Called midrange computers
Power between mainframe and desktop
Handle hundreds of users
Used in smaller organizations
Users access through a terminal
Classification of Computers
• Supercomputers
– The most powerful
computers made
– Handle large and
complex calculations
– Process trillions of
operations per
second
– Found in research
organizations
1A-15
Classification of Computers
• Micro Computers
– A
microcomputer
uses
a
microprocessor
as
its
central
Processing Unit. Microcomputers are
tiny computers that can vary in size
from a single chip to the size of a
desktop model
– They are designed to be used by only
one person at a time
– Small to medium data storage
capacities 500MB – 2GB
– The
common
examples
of
microcomputers are chips used in
washing machines, TVs, Cars and Note
book/Personal computers.
1A-16
Week 2 End
McGraw-Hill Technology Education
Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.