Transcript 713637x
C I H N E M I S T R Y LIFE SPORTS • The basketballs themselves are lined with thermoplastic polyurethane, which helps resist damage caused by oxidation and hydrocarbon solvents. Also, chemistry-based technologies aid in the grip, performance, and pressure retention of the balls. In order to cushion the forces of athletes on the playing surface, floors often have ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber shock absorbers. • Many types of sports equipment rely heavily on chemistry to help athletes reach peak performance—and provide critical safety and protective functions along the way. Whether it’s a tennis ball or baseball bat, elite athletes from around the world depend on the products of chemistry. Polyurethan es • Polyurethanes, a kind of plastic, will play an important role this summer as they are frequently found in running and other athletic shoes, making them more resilient. In addition, polyurethane is found in a wide variety of popular sporting equipment, such as soccer balls, binders on running tracks and judo mats. • A number of styles of sport flooring and pour-in-place track surfaces use polyurethanes, as well. These equipment necessities alongside such items as surfboard, roller blades, bowling balls and spandex apparel are all made possible in part due to polyurethane innovations thermoplastic polyurethanes • The shoes worn by the athletes are also made of thermoplastic polyurethanes, which provide both toughness and flexibility. This article highlights how prevalent chemistry is in the real world. Nanotechnology - is also changing the way we play sports. • For instance, nanotechnology used in golf balls can greatly improve performance by reducing hooks and slices. Tennis racquets manufactured with nanomaterials become stiffer and lighter, giving athletes faster returns and more powerful serves. And for the javelin throw or archery, rosin bags, which are derived from pine chemicals and also used by pitchers in baseball and softball, provide a strong grip. Electronic devices Chemists have always played a fundamental role in the dramatic advance of electronics. •electronics are inseparably tied to chemistry, or that their manufacture relies on some of the most demanding chemistry practiced at scale. • Moore's Law: The observation, made by Gordon Moore in 1965, that the density of transistors on a microchip doubles every two years. Actual performance would be expected to increase as, or more, quickly. The Junction Transistor Transistors are fundamentally three-terminal devices. On a bi-polar junction transistor (BJT), those pins are labeled collector (C), base (B), and emitter (E). The circuit symbols for both the NPN and PNP BJT are below: The only difference between an NPN and PNP is the direction of the arrow on the emitter. • A bipolar junction transistor consists of three regions of doped semiconductors. A small current in the center or base region can be used to control a larger current flowing between the end regions (emitter and collector). The device can be characterized as a current amplifier, having many applications for amplification VACUUM TUBE • Vacuum tubes were also used in radios, televisions, radar equipment, and telephone systems during the first half of the 1900s. In the 1950s, the transistor started to replace the vacuum tube. Today, vacuum tubes are no longer used in electronic equipment. • The vacuum tube is a glass tube that has its gas removed, creating a vacuum. Vacuum tubes contain electrodes for controlling electron flow and were used in early computers as a switch or an amplifier. The picture •Silicon 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors on integrated circuits would double approximately every two years, making computers faster and more powerful. His statement, named Moore's Law, remains true at the time of publication. It was the ease and flexibility of silicon that made this kind of rapid development Silicon is not the only semiconductor; carbon possible. and germanium also have similar properties. Carbon, in its diamond form, is too brittle to use in chips. Germanium chips were used early in the computer era; the element is still sometimes used in chips today. Silicon, however, can remain a semiconductor at much higher temperatures than germanium. This becomes important when chips are deployed in computers near other electronic CHEMISTR Y • Chemistry is the discipline which deals with forming new substances from different basic materials. For this reason it can be said that chemistry is inextricably linked with civil engineering - although this link is not as obvious as that to physics Construction supplies for building and Furniture. • Cement limestone and clay are made to react at high temperatures. The individual elements Ca, Si, O, Al, Fe rearrange themselves to form reactive cement. When mixed with water this cement will harden to become hydrated or hardened cement. • In the production of concrete grit or stone particles as well as water are added to cement. In order to make the properties of concrete, e.g. its flowability or hardening speed, meet the special requirements of a building project, concrete additives are used. These additives also use chemical processes to change first the fresh concrete and later on the solid concrete. Lime mortar or cement mortar - often used as tile adhesives, floor fillers or plaster in the construction of interiors and the making of facades - are also the result of chemical reactions.