Transcript memory
Computer is a electronic device which gives us output for the result of any instructions & we give instructions into the computer with the help of input device like keyboard and mouse etc. and computer gives result after the processing with the help of output device like printer, monitor, speaker etc. COMPUTER Instructions C.P.U. Output device Input device keyboard Result mouse Monitor Speaker Printer There are 2 types of computer field famous in present: Hardware:If we can touch the modification parts of the parts of the computer hardware. In this field updatation running very slow. Ex:- All parts of the computer like keyboard, mouse, motherboard, DVD writer are including in computer hardware Input device Output device C.P.U. C.P.U ALU Primary RAM MU CU Secondry ROM Harddisk Floppy disk Cabinet Motherboard Microprocessor RAM Harddisk CD rom/ CD writer/ DVD rom/ DVD writer Datacable and sata cable SMPS Processor fan Other cards Monitor Keyboard Mouse This is a box of computer parts attached and assemble to it. It is also known as computer case. There are many parts of cabinet available in market but ATN and ATX are mainly used in market. It is the main part of the computer it provide us a similar platform for the devices of the different technology it is also known as system board It is core part of the computer and it is also known as C.P.U. (Central Proccessing Unit) consist of three components A.L.U / C.U. / M.U. . It is a platform of computer. This is a primary memory of computer and It save our data temprory. Therefore it is a non volatile memory. It is a storage device and it is also called secondry storage device. It is a permanent storage device which save our data permanently in this drive. CD rom/ CD writer:- Compact disk DVD rom/ DVD writer:- Digital video disk They are removable disk and These drives als9o used for software and xp installations. It is used for data transmission in motherboard to harddisk, harddisk to motherboard. Its full form is Switch Mode Power Supply. It is used to convert s 110 voltage A.C. to DC and this is power unit and it is work on A.C. voltage and 3.3+5 voltage A.C. used in it. It is a cooling fan and it is used to cool microproccessor. Display cards, sound cards, T.V. tuner cards used in displace and interface between the computers pherpheral. Video cards is an interferance between the computer monitor and the motherboard. Sound card is and interferance between the computers speaker’s and the motherboard. Monitor:- Monitor is an output device which displays the data information. Keyboard:- Keyboard is an input device similar to a kind of typewriter. Mouse:- Mouse helps to activate certain things on the monitor. 1) 2) According to physical size. According to motherboard size. Full Tower Case Midi Tower Case Mini Tower Case Desktop Case Slimline Case Proprietry Case A full tower case is a case that has the heigh of about 20-25 inches tall. It has a least five 5.25 inches drive bay. It is usually has wheels so that you can move it easily. It is used for server computers as it has more drive bay. It provide a good airflow inside. It is very expensive. This is a type of case that has height of about 16-19 inches. It has three 5.25 inches drive bay. It is designed to stand vertically. It is most popular case. Most people put this case on the desk. It is less expensive. It is a type of case that has height of 12-15 inches. It has one or two 5.25 inches drive bays. It is used to stand vertically next to the monitor. It is used for low end & entry level computer. There is a little space for airflow. It is the cheapest tower case. This case is designed to lie horizontally on the desk below monitor. The height of the case is about 5-7 inches & width about 15-17 inches. It has one to three 5.25 inches drive bays. It cost is similar to mini tower. It does not cool as the vertical tower. This system are much slower than tower system. This case is usually has only one or two 5.25 inches drive bays. It is very small in size. So, it is consists of a specialized cooling system. Low profile extended. Its width is 9 inches & depth is 11-13 inches. It is used in slimline cases. Mini LPX width is 8-9 inches& depth is 10-11 inches. It has intergrated sound, video, serial, parallel, mouse ports. If the user wants to upgrade a new video card then the inbuilt card must be disabled first. That is why upgrading is difficult in LPX motherboard. It is designed with low hardware profile. It has a raiser card which holds the expansion slots. New low profile extended. It has width of 8-9 inches & depth to 10-13.6 inches. It uses desktop, towers & slimline cases. It supports raiser card for expansion slots. It supports DIMM packages. It supports AGP. It supports modern CPUs. FDD & IDE cables are attached on raiser card. Power connector C.P.U. socket Chipsets Memory slots BIOS CMOS Disk interfaces ( IDE & FDD ports) FPI Communication ports A power supply converts 110 or 220 VAC current into DC volt. The DC voltages required by the computer are +3.3 VDC, +SVDC, -SVDC, +12 VDC & -12 VDC. There are 2 types of power connector:1) AT power connector 2) ATX power connector It is used to provide power supply to the AT motherboard. There are two 6-wire connector, labelled P8 & P9. It is used to provide power supply to the ATX motherboard. It has 20 pin power connector. A chipset is collection of chips or circuits that perform interface & peripherals functions for the processor. A chipset is given the name & model number by the original manufacturer. Chipsets are made up of several intergrated circuits. 1) 2) Intel- based motherboard are typically use two chips, whereas SIS chipsets uses one. The function of chipset can be divided into two major groups:Northbridge southbridge The GMCH ( graphics & memory control hub) is known as Northbridge. It is responsible for AGP communications & CPU to memory communication. Most of true performance of the PC is performed by the N0rthbridge. The northbridge communicates between the CPU & memory with the help of FSB & BSB. BSB is a set of signal pathway between the CPU & cache memory. Northbridge also communicates with the southbridge. It is also known as ICH (input output controller hub). It is responsible to provide support to the onboard peripherals, IDE slot, FDD slot, Expansion slots, BIOS chips, communication ports. It controls the input & output of the system. Each motherboard supports memory based on the speed of the FSB bus & the memory form factor. The memory sl0ts on the motherboard are designed for particular chip form factor. The most popular form factors are:- 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) SIMM ( single inline memory module) DIMM ( dual inline memory module) RIMM ( Rambus inline memory module) SoDIMM ( Small outline dual inline memory module. MicroDIMM ( micro dual inline memory module) It is the first RAM packaging. SIMMs was used because of the bad performance of the DIP chips. SIMM were installed very close to each other at approximately 45 degree angle. Most memory chips are 32 bit, so they several of the processors. If you have 32 bit memory with 64 bit processor, then use SIMMs in pairs. There are two types of SIMM:- DIMMs are 64 bit memory module. DIMMs has 168 pins and 2 cuts. It is used in P3 system always. When the intel 850 chipset for the pentium was first introduced a new type of memory technology Rambus DRAM was introduced. It multiplies the number of parallel signal pathway from the processor memory. RDRAM uses a special slot called RIMM slot. This memory module contains 184 pins. The module has two aluminium sheets called heat spreaders that cover the chips & prevents from over heating. Because of their high cost, RIMMs are not so popular. Small outline DIMM. This memory module is used to notebook computers (Laptops) because of its form factors. SoDIMM are available in both 32 bit ( 72 pins) & 64 bits ( 144 pins) configuration. It is the newest & smallest form factor. It is extremely small RAM form factor, about 50 % smaller then SoDIMM. It is only 45.5 mm ( about 1.75 inches) long & 30 mm (about 1.2 inches) wide. It was designed for ultra light & portable computers. This module has 144 pins. It is 64 bits memory module. MEMORY MODULE SIMM DIMM RIMM PINS RAM 30 pins SIMM FPM DRAM 72 pins SIMM EDO DRAM 72 pins SoDIMM FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM 100 pins DIMM SDRAM 144 pins SoDIMM SDR SDRAM 168 pins DIMM SDR SDRAM 172 pins MicroDIMM DDR SDRAM 144 pins DIMM DDR SDRAM 200 pins SoDIMM DDR2 SDRAM 204 pins SoDIMM DDR3 SDRAM 214 pins MicroDIMM DDR2 SDRAM 240 pins DIMM DDR2, DDR3 SDRAM, FB DIMM 184 pins RIMM RDRAM These days, the motherboard include onboard disk interfaces. The disk interfaces is the port and connector where we can connect the disk drives. Most motherboard supports IDE/ ATA interfaces, SATA or SCSI. In IDE, there are two types of interfaces one light speed bus like ultra DMA or similar & one standarad IDE. Most motherboard supports 2 IDE/ ATA & FDD port. FDD connector consist of 34 pins, SATA consists of 7 pins & SCSI consists of 50 or 68 pins ATA :- Advanced Technology Attachments IDE :- Intergrated Drive Electronics. SATA :- Serial- ATA SCSI :- Small computer system interface Basic Input output system. It is a special chip on the motherboard eigther in the form of DIP ( Dual inline package) and QIP ( Quadral inline package). The BIOS keeps the information about different components of the computer. The BIOS chip contain builth in a software that determine out the computer should interact with its own hardware. The BIOS generates POST signals with the help of which it checks whether each & every component of the motherboard are work or not. There are different types of BIOS according to the manufacturer name - Pheonix BIOS, Award BIOS, AMI BIOS etc. Complimentry Metal Oxide semi conductor. It is a lithium Ion Battery. Its number is 2032 It is a +3 volt battery. Normally, it is used to save date & time. It is also responsible to save changed configuration in BIOS. There is a CMOS clear jumper setting available with the help of which we can save & erase the configuration saved by CMOS. The motherboard may have 3 pins for CMOS clear jumper among which pin 1, pin 2 & pin 3 are used to erase the configurations saved by CMOS. Front panel indicator. Power on button – PWR BTN / PWR SW Restart button – RSET / Reset SW Power LED (green ) – Pwr LED HDD LED ( red ) – HDD LED ISA ( industry standard arcitecture) PCI ( pheripheral communication interface) AGP ( acceleratal graphics port) AMR ( audio modem raiser) CNR ( communication network raiser ) DB SERIES RJ - SERIES IEEE 1394 (FIREWIRE) VGA port Network port Sound port Serial port Modem port Infared port Parellel port Others RCA Centronics port Others HDMI Game port Others DVI Keyboard Connector Mouse Connector Universal port S- video Video graphics arayy. Its pins is DB female port. Its pin are arranged in three rows. It is used to connect a monitor. There are two type of serial port ( 9 pin male & 25 pin male serial port). On 9 pins male DB port, you can attach mouse. On 25 pins male DB port, you can attach external modem & scanner. There are 3 types of serial port Normal serial port, USB serial port & Fire wire serial port. It is a 2.5 pins DB female port. It is pink in colour. Its pine are arranged in two rows. It is used to connect printer, so it can also known as a Printer port. There are 3 different types of parellel port (SPP standarad parallel port, BPP Bi- directional parallel port, EPP enchanced parallel port. SPP transmits data at 150 KBPS. SPP is used for printers. SPP supports maximum transmission distance of 10 fit. BPP can both transmit & receive data. BPP is used for eternal CD drivers, ZIP Jaz & Tape drivers. EPP enchanced parallel port is designed for high speed data transfer from 600 KBPS to 1.5 MBPS. It has a unique shape. It is primarily used in printers & SCSI interfaces. It is consist of 36 pins blue in colour. It is a 15 pins DB female port. It is yellow in colour. Its pins are arranged in two rows It is used to connect joysitick. Memory is the one of the essintial part of the computer which stores information in it. There are 2 types of memory:- 1) Physical Memory 2) Logical Memory This is the most important component of computer. Physical memory is the collection of intergrated circuits that store data and program information and patterns of 1s and 0s. RAM is also known as physical memory. If the power is lost, all those things switches revert back to the off position, effectively erasing the data from memory. 1) 2) There are 2 types of memory:Primary memory Secondry memory 1) Primary memory:- Primary memory is also known as temprory memory. 2) Secondry memory:- Secondry memory is called permanent memory as the data is stored in it permanently. For example: Harddisk. Primary memory are of 2 types:- 1) RAM (random access memory) 2) ROM ( read only memory) In ROM data is stored permanently that is why it is called non- volatile memory. Once these transistor has been set, they can’t be changed. Because these switches are permanently in this partition accessing the information contained on the ROM’s extremely fast. A computer BIOS is typically stored on a type of ROM chip. ROM are of three types ( PROM, EPROM, EEPROM). It is blank ROM in which we can write at once. Its data can’t be erased. That’s why it is called permanent memory. The main disadvantage of ROM is that it can’t be changed once it has been manufactured. To resolve this, IC developers came up with erasable programmable ROM. EPROMs are erasable and able to be programmed. They work by storing binary information by electical charges deposited on the chip. These electrical deposit are almost important. They will stay until information by a special frequency ultravoilet light stone through a small wind0w (sensor). It is very difficult to remove IC every time for upgradation. It can be a real pain and can be dangerous. They can be erased by sending a special sequence and electric signals to the chip while it is still in the circuit. The primary use of this type of chips is for BIOS information, you will see LMOS BIOS chips in the most computers. RAM is a type of a temprory storage medium that use in the presence and absence of the magnetic or electrical charge to store information in a binary format. RAM is a volatile memory. It stores data untill the power supply is on. The work of RAM is to give data to the CPU & take data from the CPU. In RAM there are lack of elements which store in it. Transistors & Capicitor have the capacity to store charge in it It is a non volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data and rapidlly rotating platter with magnetic surfaces. NORMAL PATA / ATA/ IDE Barcudda SATA SCSI 40 pins 59 pin 7 pin 50 or 68 pin Old Medium New New 2, 8, 10, 20 GB 10, 20, 40, 80, 80, 160 250, 160 GB 320 GB ------------ Low level Medium Fast Fast IDE / PATA SATA SCSI SAS IDE / PATA drives has usually 40 pins. IDE / PATA drives offer 133 MB in 1 sec transfer rate. It sends 8 bit data at a time. PATA cables are used to connect PATA HDD. Two drives can be in a single pata cable. Once as master and other as slave. The configuration of master and slave is done by different combination of jumper in HDD. Sata drives are usually 7 pin, 4 pin in pair of two for sending and receiving data and rest of 3 pins grounded. Sata drives offers generally 500 mb / sec transfer rate. It ends data by bit by bit. Sata cables are used to connect SATA HDD. Only one drive can be connected in a single HDD. SCSI drives are usually 50 pins to 68 pins. SCSI drives offers generally 640 MB/sec transfer rate. This drives are hot swapable. SCSI cable are used to connect SCSI HDD. Maximum of 16 drives can be connected in a single scsi. Each HDD have 9.8 bytes hexachemical code known as WWN ( world wide name ) for its identification. SAS drives are generally offers 805 MB/sec transfer rate. This drives are not swapable. SAS cables are used to connect SAS drives. Maximum of 128 drives can be connected in a single SAS cable. CylinderIt is a set of all platters. Heads It is used to read data from the hard disk platters. Sector per trackA track is a one of ring of data and single side. Tracks are divided into many sectors. Write pre- compenstationUsed to adjust the smaller tracks. Landing zoneWhen the system is turn off the BIOS should send the heads of harddisk to the cylinder where there is no data. Modes – 1) CHS ( cylinder head sector) 2) LBS ( logical block addresses) 3) ECHS ( extended cylinder head sector) A flat round disk called platters is used in a harddisk. The platters are loaded into spindle. Spindle motors spins the platter. Electormagnetic read/write devices called heads are mounted into sliders. Each platters has two heads. Platter- This are made up of substrate material which gives structure and rigidity. Platters are physically connected in the middle and driven by the splinder motor The harddisk read/write heads act like and interface between the magnetic media and the part of harddisk. Heads are joined to the head acturator move across the disk. We can modify harddisk into slave and master.