Transcript Chapter 3 - Goodheart

Chapter 3
The Video Camera
and Support
Equipment
Objectives
• Explain the differences between the various video
cameras available.
• Identify each part of a video camera and note the
corresponding function.
• Differentiate between the focal length and the
focal point related to a zoom lens.
• Explain the interrelationship between f-stops, the
iris, and aperture in controlling light.
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Objectives (Cont.)
• Identify the challenges and benefits involved in
using hand-held camera shooting.
• Recognize the types of tripod heads available
and cite the unique characteristics of each.
• Implement the proper procedures for cleaning
and storing video equipment.
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Types of Video Cameras
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Studio camera
Camcorder
Convertible camera
Smartphone camera
POV camera
DSLR camera
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Studio Cameras
• Remains in studio
– On tripod with dolly or studio pedestal
• Unsuitable for field work due to:
– Size
– Weight
• Paired with camera control unit (CCU)
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Tripod with Dolly
• Dolly has three wheels that tripod legs fit into
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Studio Pedestal
• Vertical column with
base
• Three wheels on bottom
• Heavy
• Pneumatics or
hydraulics assist
movement
• Wheel or ring steers
movements
Vinten Broadcast Ltd.
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Camera Control Unit (CCU)
– Also called remote control unit (RCU)
– Usually in control room
• Controls signals from studio camera,
such as
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Color
Tint
Contrast
Brightness
Iris
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Camera Control Unit (CCU) (Cont.)
• Video engineer manipulates CCU to match
signals from all cameras
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Camcorders
• Contains camera and
recorder in one unit
• Lightweight and
portable
• Sits on tripod or rests
on operator’s
shoulder
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Camcorders (Cont.)
• Records on a variety
of digital tapes
– Memory stick, P2 card,
SD card, internal hard
drive, external portable
hard drive
• Connects to computer
to download footage
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Convertible Cameras
• Can be accessorized to become studio camera or
portable field camera
– Larger viewfinder and CCU (studio)
– Small view screen and viewfinder built into camera
(remote camera)
• Less expensive than studio camera and more
versatile
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Smartphone Cameras
• A very powerful HD camera in your pocket
– Video specific apps, playability on social media
• Not a replacement for
camcorder but good in
a pinch
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POV Cameras
• “Action” or “Helmet”
cameras
• Portable, high quality,
inexpensive camera
• Can be mounted
many ways or worn
by users
• Can be placed in
waterproof shell
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DSLR Cameras
• Digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera
• Produce stunning HD video and still photos
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Parts of a Camera
• Camera head
• Viewfinder
• Camera lens
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Charge Coupled Device (CCD)
• Actual camera
• Located in camera
head
– Light enters camera
and hits target
– Target is in front of
CCD
– CCD converts light to
electronic signal
– Signal passes through
CCD and enters rest of
camera
• Professional quality
camera—three CCDs
• Consumer quality
camera—one CCD
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CMOS Sensor
• Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
(CMOS)
• Found in smartphones, web, and most DSLR
cameras
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Viewfinder
• Small video monitors that allow camera operators to
see images in the shot
• Two viewfinders on most camcorders
• Fold-out viewfinder
– On side of camera
– Convenient for tripod use
• Smaller viewfinder
– Fixed on camera body
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Diopter Adjustment
• Adjusts magnifier to compensate for vision
differences
• Allows for use without
prescription eyeglasses
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Zebra Stripes
• Alert for camera operator
• Special feature on viewfinders
• Diagonal black and white stripes that appear when
object in shot is too brightly lit
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Camera Lens
• Assembly of glass discs in tube in front of camera
– Focuses incoming light rays on target’s surface
– Image “in focus” when lines of contrast are sharp
• Auto-focus: keeps only center of picture in focus
– Common feature on consumer cameras
– Professionals do not use – removes creative control
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Zoom Lens Assembly
• Allows smooth transition from close-up to wideangle shot by moving zoom ring
• Transition from wide-angle to close-up
– Called zoom in (ZI), or tighten
• Transition from close-up to wide-angle
– Called zoom out (ZO), or widen
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Focal Point
• Also known as optical
center
• Physical place where
image is inverted
– May not always be in
center of lens assembly
• Zoom lens: Piece of glass
that moves forward or
backward to magnify or
shrink images
− Lens is the focal point of
zoom lens assembly
Figure 3-13
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Focal Length
• Distance in millimeters between the focal point and
back of lens assembly
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Variable Focal Length Lens
• Another name for zoom lens
• Actual zoom lens moves back and forth within zoom
assembly
• Zoom lens remains focal point
• Distance varies between zoom lens and back of
lens
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Lens Control Rings
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Iris
• Metal blades that expand or contract
• Controls light that reaches back of lens/target of
camera
• Operates like a human eye
– Iris increases, blocks light
– Iris contracts, light passes through
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Auto-Iris Circuit
• Circuit that automatically controls size of iris
– Adjusts to standards of “good” picture
• Useful for most circumstances in television
production
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Iris and Aperture
• Hole or opening through which light passes
• Adjusted by iris
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F-Stop
• Settings on lens which indicate size of iris
• Iris size controls aperture which controls light
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F-Stop (Cont.)
• Relationship: F-Stop controls iris size, iris size
controls aperture, which controls light
– Fast lens: lens that produces large aperture and lets
strong light into camera (lower f-stop number)
– Slow lens: lens that produces small aperture and lets
little light into camera (higher f-stop number)
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Shutter
• Circuit that regulates how long CCD is exposed to
light coming through the lens
• Manual shutter speed settings range from 1/100 to
1/8000
• Higher shutter speed allows clearer images when
played back in slow motion
– Excellent feature for shooting sports
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Hand-Held Shooting
• Consumer cameras – easy to hold in hands
• Professional cameras – hard to hold for long
periods of time
– Rest on shoulder, right hand in strap holding zoom
lens control, left hand holds focus ring
– Becomes tiring, which produces shaky camerawork
• Always operate in “zoomed out” position
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Hand-Hold Mounting Methods
• Create tripod-like support:
With open car doors
By leaning on a wall
With a body mount
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Glidecam Industries, Inc.
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Tripod Shooting
• Tripod: three-legged stand for camera
– Each leg’s length and angle independently
extendable
– Pedestal column in center raises and lowers camera
– Pedestal control raises and lowers column
– Do not use when recording or hot, or screen will
shake!
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Pedestal Column and Control
Pedestal Control
Pedestal Column
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Tripod Head and Pan Handles
• Allows pans and tilts to • Two types
occur
– Friction head
– Fluid head
• Attaches to top of
pedestal column
• Camera attaches to
tripod head
• Pan handles allows
operator to stand
behind the camera and
move it
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Rear Lens Controls
• Controller attached to pan handles that allows
camera operator to manipulate camera lens
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Friction Head
• Two pieces of metal squeezed together by
tightening screw
• Found on consumer tripods and inexpensive
• Low quality because head is locked or loose
– Locked: camera frozen in place
– Unlocked: camera is loose and becomes shaky
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Fluid Head
• Two pieces of metal, separated by oil or grease,
screwed together
• High quality
• Grease allows pressure to create resistance (drag)
when panning and tilting
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Monopods
• Single support pole for
camera
• Provide vertical support
but no stability for
horizontal support
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Slider
• Camera on track and moves side to side
• Imitates a dolly with much lower cost
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Jib
• Raises camera high
over set
• Swings in any direction
• Operates like a
seesaw
• Operator stays safely
on the ground
EZFX Inc.
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Lens Cleaning
• Do’s
– Clean viewfinder with soft cloth
– Wipe lens with lens cleaning paper
– Blow dirt off lens with compressed air from a can
• Don’ts
– Don’t touch lens with bare fingers
– Don’t use cloth or tissue moistened with saliva to
wipe lens
– Don’t blow on lens with mouth
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After Use of Studio Camera
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Lock pedestal and tripod head of camera
Close iris and place lens cap on camera
Move camera to safe location in studio
Coil camera cable as instructed
Store in protected and temperature-controlled
location
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After Use of Camcorder
• Remove and label media, if present, from
camcorder
• Close lens and attach lens cap
• Power down camera
• Detach camera from tripod and fold up tripod
• Remove batteries from camera
• Secure camera in case
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Career Page
United States Department of Labor
Occupational Outlook Handbook
• Information on the career outlooks for Television,
Video, and Motion Picture Camera Operators and
Editors
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