Computer Literacy: A New Approach
Download
Report
Transcript Computer Literacy: A New Approach
Hardware Designed to
Meet the Need
Please turn your
cell phone off.
The Digital Revolution
Integrated Circuits and
Processing
Storage
Input, Output, and Expansion
Buying a Computer
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
The Digital Revolution
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
The Digital Revolution
DIGITAL
Digital Camera
DIGITAL TV
What’s all this fuss
about digital?!
DIGITAL
Digital Convergence
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
The Digital Revolution
What’s all this fuss
about digital?!
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
The Bit (binary digit)
The 1’s and 0’s
that allow us to
represent, store,
and manipulate
data
the smallest unit of
data in a digital
electronics device
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
The Bit
Bits can be stored
Electrically: an electronic charge held in a
capacitor – like a light bulb it can be switched
on and off.
Magnetically: magnetically charged particles
on the surface of a disk
Optically: pits burned into the surface of a disk
and read with a laser.
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
The Bit
How can a bit (an on-off switch) hold
useful data and information?
Information can be assigned to the two
states of the bit:
On =
Off =
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
The Bit
• How many units of information
could be stored using 2 bits?
00 =
01 =
10 =
11 =
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
The Bit
• How many units of information
could be stored using 3 bits?
000 =
100 =
001 =
101 =
010 =
110 =
011 =
111 =
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
The Bit
How about 4
bits?
# of Bits
1
2
3
4
Units of Info
2
4
8
?
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
The Bit
General Rule:
2bits = units of info
8 Bits = a Byte
# of Bits
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Units of Info
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Bits & Bytes
Byte = 8 bits
Kilobytes = 1,000 Bytes (210)
Megabytes = Million Bytes (220)
Gigabytes = Billion Bytes (230)
Terabytes = Trillion Bytes (240)
Petabytes = Quadrillion Bytes (250)
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Bit & Bytes
Some of the ASCII characters
Bytes can represent any
collection of items using
a “look-up table”
approach
ASCII is used to
represent characters
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASCII
Code
Char
Character Name
01011011
[
Left Bracket
01011100
\
Backward Slash
01011101
]
Right Bracket
01011110
^
Caret
01011111
_
Underscore
01100000
`
Back Quote
01100001
a
Lower-case A
01100010
b
Lower-case B
01100011
c
Lower-case C
01100100
d
Lower-case D
01100101
e
Lower-case E
01100110
f
Lower-case F
01100111
g
Lower-case G
01101000
h
Lower-case H
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Bit & Bytes
Bytes can also represent “values”
using the binary number system
Decimal
239
Binary
11101111
Binary Counter
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Bit & Bytes
128 64 32 16
8
4
2
1
Binary Counter
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Digitizing Sound
A sound wave is “sampled” at predefined
time intervals (sampling rate) the amplitude
for each sample is stored as a binary
number.
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Digitizing Sound
30
30
30 30
20
20
20
10
10
10
0
0
0
20
20
amplitude
12
0
-4
-10
-10
-10
-20
-20
-20
-30
10
20
Microseconds (ms)
-30
1. An analog sound wave is…
Analogue: any fluctuating, evolving, or
continually changing process or signal
10
2. “sampled” at regular
time slice, and
20
-30
10
-10
-4
-10
2
4
2
0
-1
-3
-10
-18
-28
-18
Digital Music File
10010100010010
01000100100100
10110001010101
01010010010010
10010100010010
01000100100100
10110001010101
01010010010010
10010100010010
01000100100100
10110001010101
01010010010010
3. stored as a sequence of
numeric values…
(30,-10,-28,-4,20,…)
Oscillograph
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Digitizing Pictures & Video
Images are made up of pixels whose colors
are stored using binary numbers.
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Digitizing Pictures & Video
1. Image at proper resolution
2. Image super zoomed
3. Pixel
colors in byte
code
10010010
10010010
10010010
10010010
10010010
10010011
10010111
10010011
10010111
10011111
10010011
10011010
10011110
10010111
10011111
10010011
11000011
11000111
11001111
11011111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11000011
11000011
11000011
11111011
11111111
11111111
11000011
11000011
11111011
10101010
10101010
10101010
10101010
10101010
19111911
00110101
11000110
10011000
11110000
00010001
10100001
11100110
11000011
00110011
11101011
Colors are represented as varying intensities of combinations of Red, Green,
and Blue (RGB )
3 bytes (one for each of RGB) can represent over 16 million colors
Often times the Hexidecimal number system is used to represent colors. Hex
uses values 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Colormap Tool
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
The Value of Going Digital
Anything that can be expressed through
words, numbers, sounds, or pictures can be
digitized.
Digital information is easy to manipulate.
Digital information is easy to copy and
transfer.
Digital information is long lasting.
Digitization standardizes the format of all
different types of data and information
leading to…
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Digital Convergence
Digital Convergence is the trend to
merge multiple digital services into one
device.
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Why Study Hardware
Components?
Consider PC Choices…
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Which is best for you? Why?
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Which is best for you? Why?
$699
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Which is best for you? Why?
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Key
Components
Processor
Memory
Storage
Networking
Removable
Storage
CD-R/DVD
Battery Life
OS
Display
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Computer Hardware:
Processors
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Integrated Circuit
An Integrated
Circuit (chip)
combines
transistors and
capacitors in a tiny
module to store
and process bits
and bytes in
today’s digital
electronic devices.
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
The Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an
integrated circuit (or microprocessor) that
performs the processing in today’s personal
computers and other digital devices.
Over 100 Million Transistors
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Pentium 4
Die photo of the Intel®
Pentium® 4 Processor
built on 90nm technology
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Chicago, IL
Satellite image of Chicago
Which is more complex?
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
CPU Components
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): contains the circuitry to
carry out the instructions in the processors
instruction set.
Control Unit: sequentially accesses program
instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the
flow of data throughout the system.
Registers: hold the data and instructions currently
being processed (~300 bytes).
System Clock: provides a steady clock signal used
to synchronize activities within the processor.
Measured in GHz (billions of cycles per second)
Cache Memory: Fast access memory for
instructions and data soon to be needed (1-2MB).
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
The Motherboard
The motherboard houses the digital
devices circuitry including the
microprocessor and memory.
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Processing
The microprocessor accesses instructions
stored in memory over the system bus.
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Processing – The Machine Cycle
Central Processing Unit
Control Unit
2.Decode
1.Fetch
ALU
3.Execute
Registers
Memory
The Machine Cycle
4.Store
The four stages of the
machine cycle are (1) fetch
the instruction from memory,
(2) decode and (3) execute
the instruction, then (4) store
the results.
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
ROM
Boot Process
1. POWER UP
CPU gets instructions
from ROM that
checks out the
components and
loads the OS
Hard Disk Drive
RAM
Central Processing Unit
Control Unit
ALU
2.Decode
1.Fetch
4. Machine
Cycle is
continuously
transferring
instructions
from cache to
registers for
processing
3.Execute
Registers
4.Store
Frontside
Bus (FSB)
2. OS Loaded
The operating
system is loaded
from disk to RAM
and takes over
control of the
system. Programs
and data files are
loaded from disk
to RAM as
launched and
requested. Files
are saved to disk
for permanent
storage
Cache Memory
3. Cache is Continuously Refreshed with
instructions and data that will soon be needed
while processed data is returned
toBaldauf,
RAM All rights reserved.
© 2004 Ken
Contributors to CPU Speed
Clock Speed – measured in Gigahertz (GHz),
billions of cycles per second
Architecture
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
Wordlength – how many bits can be
processed at a time (32 or 64)
Cache size – 512 KB – 2 MB
Front Side Bus Speed (FSB) – 345-840 MHz
http://www.intel.com/products/processor_number/
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
PC vs. Mac
Architecture
Pentium 4
Apple’s G5
CISC
RISC
Apple’s recent switch
to Pentium Duo
Processors
will reduce the
difference between
PC and Apple
Architecture.
Wordlength
32 bits
64 bits
Clock speed
3.6 GHz
2 GHz
Cache size
2 MB
512 KB
FSB
800 MHz
1.35 GHz
System Price
$999 (Dell)
$1499 (iMac G5)
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Which processor is best?
Truest Measures of Performance
MIPS – millions of instructions per second
Gigaflops – billions of floating point operations
per second.
Different instructions take differing amounts
of clock cycles.
Apple’s processors are designed to process
media very quickly.
G4 Processor powers notebooks and low end
desktops
G5 Processor powers iMac and Power Mac
www.apple.com
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Intel Desktop Processors
Intel Desktop Processor
Activities
Celeron D
Word Processing, Spreadsheets,
Email, Static Web Content, digital
photos
Pentium 4
All the above + DVD movies,
videos, basic games, better
support for multitasking
Pentium 4 HT
Hyperthreading provides better
performance in video, media, and
multitasking
Pentium D
Dual core processing better
performance for power users,
multiple displays, serious gamers
Pentium Extreme
Dual core with Hyperthreading for
maximum performance.
Dual Core Demo
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Intel Notebook & AMD
Intel Notebook Processor
Activities
Celeron M
Word Processing,
Spreadsheets, Email, Static
Web Content, digital photos
Pentium M
High performance, at low clock
speed, long battery life,
packaged with Centrino for
wireless networking.
Core Duo Processor
Dual core processing for
notebooks - the latest and
fastest!
AMD Processors deliver 64 bit computing to
Windows PCs (desktop and notebook) at a lower
price than Pentium 32 bit processors.
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Which system is best?
Seek the opinions of friends and
professional colleagues
Benchmark: a side-by-side evaluation of
competing product’s performance.
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Moore’s Law
the number of transistors per square inch
on integrated circuits will doubled every
18 months
The next big thing:
Dual-core processors
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Review Questions
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Computer Hardware:
Storage
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Random Access Memory
RAM (primary storage): Volatile memory that
stores currently running software: OS and
apps, and data in addressed cells.
256 MB Standard, 512 MB recommended
RAM SIMM: Single In-line Memory Module
is inserted in slots in the Motherboard
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Other Types of Memory
Cache Memory: Fast access storage
on the processor
Video RAM: Included on video card for
faster video display
ROM: Stores the boot process
instruction that start the computer and
load the OS from hard drive into RAM
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Secondary Storage
Storage Method
Sequential Access
Direct Access
Storage Media Type
Magnetic
Optical
Tape Drive
HP’s DVD+RW
Iomega’s ZIP Drive
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
23
Hard Drives (Random Access) &
Tapes (Sequential Access)
Device
Capacity
Price per GB
Internal Hard Drive
20 GB – 250 GB
< $0.75
Tapes
20 GB – 250 GB
< $0.20
80 GB HD Min
Recommended
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Portable Disk Storage
Assume that you have 4 GB’s of data to store
Device
Capacity
Price per
disk
Disks
Needed
Total Cost
Floppy Disk 1.44 MB
$0.25
2,778
$694
ZIP Disk
250 MB
$10.00
16
$160
CD-RW
650 MB
$0.75
8
$6
DVD+RW
4.7 GB
$0.99
<1
$0.99
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
24
Deciphering RW
CD-RW has become the standard
writable CDs
For DVD’s go with ± RW (multiformat)
http://reviews.cnet.com/Storage/2001-3185_7-0.html?tag=cnetfd.dir
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Other Portable Storage
Device
Capacity
Price per GB
USB Flash Drive
16 MB - 8 GB
$90
Flash Memory Card
16 MB - 1 GB
$130
Micro Drive Card
2 GB – 4 GB
$80
Flash memory is used for easy and fast information
storage in such devices as digital cameras, and other
handheld digital devices. It is used more as a hard drive
than as RAM. Flash memory is considered a solid state
storage device. Solid state means that there are no
moving parts -- everything is electronic instead of
mechanical.
Check out
Toshiba’s Small 60GB HD
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
24
Network Storage
Local file storage for groups on a network.
Local file storage accessible from any
Internet-connected computer
http://www.linksys.com/HDD/
200GB $250 +$90
http://www.mirra.com
120GB $500
Internet file storage
http://www.xdrive.com/ (5GB $10/month)
http://briefcase.yahoo.com (30MB Free)
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Storage Criteria
Storage media is chosen
based on
Cost per MB
Capacity
Portability
Durability
Security
Network Accessibility
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
ROM
VRAM
CPU
cache
RAM
Regusters
network
Hard Drive
USB
Tape
CD
Magnetic Storage
DVD
Storage Review
Optical Storage
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Review Questions
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Computer Hardware:
Input, Output, & Expansion
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
I/O Considerations
Speed and Functionality
Human vs. Machine Readable Data
Source Data Automation
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Input Devices
Keyboard, Mouse,
Trackball
Touch screen, stylus,
kiosks
Microphone, speech
recognition
Gamepad, other gamecentered devices
Digital cameras
Scanning devices
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/tabletpc/default.mspx
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Output Devices
Displays of all kinds
Printers and Plotters
Sound Systems
Display Resolution:
The amount of
pixels on the
display.
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
http://go.reuters.com/n
ewsArticle.jhtml?type=
technologyNews&stor
yID=10169667&src=e
Dialog/GetContent
IBM’s Flexible Display (in development)
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
The Free2C 3D Kiosk
http://www.hhi.fraunhofer.de/english/im/products/Cebit/free2C/
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
New forms of I/O. Microsoft’s surface computing project use combinations of sensors, cameras and
projectors to turn various surfaces, such as kitchen tables, desks, counters, or walls into computing
interfaces.
http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/photos/photo.asp?PhotoID=61073
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
USB
Universal Serial Bus (USB):
Standardizes the way peripherals
connect to PCs.
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Review Questions
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Computer Shopping
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Choosing a Computer
Portability vs. Power
Notebook vs. Desktop
Interoperability
What kind of computer will interact best with systems
used at work and by friends?
Choosing a Platform
PC vs. Apple
Choosing a Manufacturer and Model
Dell vs. HP
Choosing Features, Peripherals, and Warranty
www.dell.com
Making the Purchase
On-line vs. In store
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.
Questions?
Don’t forget to turn your
phone back on!!
© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.