Transcript Intro and Hardware, Software Overview

Chapter 2
Hardware Designed to Meet
the Need
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The Digital Revolution
Integrated Circuits and Processing
Storage
Input, Output, and Expansion
Selecting and Purchasing a
Computer
Review of Basic Concepts:
CH 1-3
 General Concepts
 Hardware
 Software
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A Computer
 An electronic device used to
perform calculations and other
digital functions at high speed.
 Computer activities
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Input
Processing
Storage
Output
 Special purpose vs. general
purpose computers
How do these concepts relate to an MP3 player?
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Types of General Purpose
Computer Systems
MULTI-USER
SYSTEMS
(SERVERS)
Supercomputers
Most powerful with fastest
processing speeds.
Mainframe Computers
Large and powerful, shared
by hundreds concurrently.
Midrange Computers
Size of a three drawer file
cabinet and accommodates
several users at one time.
Workstations
High-end special-purpose
microcomputers
Personal Computers (PCs)
Small, inexpensive, often
called microcomputers.
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SINGLE USER
SYSTEMS
The Digital Revolution
What does it mean to be digital?
Key Terms
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Binary number system
ASCII
Digitization
Digital convergence
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The Bit
How many units
of information
can be
represented
with 1 bit?
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# of Bits
1
Units of Info
?
The Bit
How many units
of information
can be
represented
with 2 bits?
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# of Bits
1
2
Units of Info
2
?
The Bit
How many units
of information
can be
represented
with 4 bits?
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# of Bits
1
2
3
Units of Info
2
4
?
The Bit
How many units
of information
can be
represented
with 4 bits?
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# of Bits
1
2
3
4
Units of Info
2
4
8
?
The Bit
General Rule:
2bits = units of info
8 Bits = a Byte
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# of Bits
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Units of Info
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
The Bit
• Increasing the amount bit allows us to
digitally describe things in more detail.
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Digital Technology Metrics
Kilo, Mega, Giga, what comes next?
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Bit & Bytes
Some of the ASCII characters
 Bytes can represent any
collection of items using
a “look-up table”
approach
 ASCII is used to
represent characters
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
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ASCII
Code
Char
Character Name
01011011
[
Left Bracket
01011100
\
Backward Slash
01011101
]
Right Bracket
01011110
^
Caret
01011111
_
Underscore
01100000
`
Back Quote
01100001
a
Lower-case A
01100010
b
Lower-case B
01100011
c
Lower-case C
01100100
d
Lower-case D
01100101
e
Lower-case E
01100110
f
Lower-case F
01100111
g
Lower-case G
01101000
h
Lower-case H
Bit & Bytes
 Bytes can also represent “values” using
the binary number system.
 The binary number system uses only
two values, 0 and 1, and is used by
computers and digital devices to
represent and process data.
Decimal
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Binary
11101111
Bit & Bytes
128 64 32 16
8
128 64 32 16 8
4
4
2
2
1
1
Click to run Binary Counter –
position counter here.
Binary is not only used for math but also to digitize pictures, and music. In
fact, most things that we perceive with our senses can be described and
stored digitally as values (binary numbers) and manipulated with numeric
calculations.
More on this in chapter 6.
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Digitization
 The process of transforming nondigital information into bit
representation.
 What can be digitized?
http://www.trisenx.com/intro.html
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Digital Convergence
 Digital convergence is the trend to
merge multiple digital services into one
device.
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Integrated Circuits and
Processing
Key Terms
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transistor
Integrated circuit
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Motherboard
Arithmetic/logic unit
Control unit
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
The machine cycle
Megahertz (MHz)
Gigahertz (GHz)
Gigaflop
Moore’s Law
Transistor
 A transistor is an
electronics
component,
composed typically of
silicon, that opens or
closes a circuit to alter
the flow of electricity
to store and
manipulate bits.
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Integrated Circuit
 An Integrated Circuit
(chip) combines
transistors and
capacitors in a tiny
module to store and
process bits and bytes
in today’s digital
electronic devices.
http://www.intel.com/technology/silicon/index.htm
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Key PC
Components
Processor
Memory
Storage
Networking
Battery Life
OS
Display
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Removable
Storage
CD-R/DVD
The Central Processing Unit
 The Central
Processing Unit
(CPU) is an
integrated circuit
(or microprocessor)
that performs the
processing in
today’s personal
computers and
other digital
devices.
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Intels Core Duo Processors use
65 nm technology to cram
hundreds of millions of
transistors on a chip the size of
you thumb nail.
CPU Components
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): contains the circuitry
to carry out the instructions in the processors
instruction set.
 Control Unit: sequentially accesses program
instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the
flow of data throughout the system.
 Registers: hold the data and instructions currently
being processed (~300 bytes).
 System Clock: provides a steady clock signal used
to synchronize activities within the processor.
Measured in GHz (billions of cycles per second)
 Cache Memory: Fast access memory for
instructions and data soon to be needed (1-2MB).
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Processing
 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) accesses
instructions stored in memory over the system bus.
Random Access
Memory (RAM) is
temporary, or volatile,
memory that stores
bytes of data and
program instructions
for the processor to
access.
The motherboard houses most components of a computer system
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Processing – The Machine Cycle
Central Processing Unit
Control Unit
2.Decode
1.Fetch
ALU
3.Execute
Registers
Memory
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The Machine Cycle
4.Store
The four stages of the
machine cycle are (1) fetch
the instruction from memory,
(2) decode and (3) execute
the instruction, then (4) store
the results.
Contributors to CPU Speed
 www.intel.com/products/processor_number/c
hart click View the Demo
 Clock Speed – measured in Megahertz (MHz)
and Gigahertz (GHz), millions and billions of
cycles per second
 Wordlength – how many bits can be processed at
a time (32 or 64)
 Cache size – 512 KB – 2 MB
 Front Side Bus Speed (FSB) – 345-840 MHz
 Architecture
 See next slide >>
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Multiprocessing
 Multiprocessing and Parallel processing use
multiple processors working together
simultaniously.
 A multi-core microprocessor is one which
combines two or more independent
processors into a single package, often a
single integrated circuit.
 Dual core
 Soon to come - Quad core
 Intel and AMD
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Moore’s Law
 the number of transistors per square inch
on integrated circuits will doubled every
18 months – 2 years.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_Law#_note-IntelInterview
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Storage
From CH1: Storage is the
ability to maintain data
within the system
temporarily or permanently
Key Terms
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Read-only Memory
Magnetic Storage
Optical Storage
CD-ROM
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DVD
CD-RW
Flash memory card
USB
System Storage
 Random Access Memory, RAM, or primary
storage:
 Volatile memory that stores currently running
software: OS and apps, and data in addressed
cells.
 512 MB Standard, 1 GB recommended
 RAM SIMM: Single In-line Memory Module is
inserted in slots in the Motherboard
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Other Types of Memory
 Cache Memory is fast access storage on the
processor
 Video RAM is included on video card for
faster video display
 ROM stores the boot process instruction
that start the computer and load the OS
from hard drive into RAM
 CMOS memory provides semipermenant
storage for system configuration information
that may change.
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Secondary Storage
 Secondary storage is used to
store data more permanently
without the need for electricity.
DVD-RW
Tape Drive
2GB MP3 Player
Mini Memory Card
1 TB HDD Recorder
Storage silo robot
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Storage Methods
Secondary Storage
 Sequential Access
(tape)
 Direct Access (disk
or solid state)
Storage Media Type
 Magnetic storage devices use the magnetic
properties of iron oxide particles to store
bits and bytes more permanently
than
Tape Drive
RAM.
 Optical storage media, such as CDs and
DVDs store bits using an optical laser to
burn pits into the surface of a highly
reflective disk surface.
 Solid State storage devices use flash
memory to store bits.
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Magnetic Media
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Hard Disk Drives
Magnetic Tape
High-capacity Disks (Zip, etc)
Floppy Disks (outdated)
Microdrives
Microdrives from Toshiba
provide iPods with their
ultra high storage capacity.
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Optical Media
 CD, DVD, Blu-laser Disk (BD)
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Solid State
 A flash memory card is a chip that, unlike
RAM, is nonvolatile and keeps its memory
without the need for electricity.
 USB Flash Drives use flash memory to
provide high capacity storage through the
USB port.
Universal Serial Bus or USB is a
standard that allows a wide variety of
devices to connect to a computer
through a common port.
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2.4
Input, Output, and
Expansion
Key Terms
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Input device
Output device
Touch screen
Game pad
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• Biometrics
• Display resolution
• LCD
Input Devices
 Keyboard, Mouse,
Trackball
 Touch screen, stylus,
kiosks
 Microphone, speech
recognition
 Gamepad, other gamecentered devices
 Digital cameras
 Scanning devices
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/tabletpc/default.mspx
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Display resolution is a
measure, in width by
height, of the number of
pixels on the screen.
Output Devices
 Displays
 Liquid crystal display (LCD) or Flat
panel display is a thin flat display that
uses liquid crystals between two pieces
of glass to display text and images.
 Printers and Plotters
 Sound Systems
 Special purpose I/O
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Wearable
display
http://www.u
niversaldispl
ay.com/fole
d.htm
IBM’s Flexible Display (in development)
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Software
System Software &
Application Software
Key Terms
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Programming Language
Source Code
Object Code
Compiler
User Interface
System Software
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Utility Program
Application Software
Operating System
Shareware
Single-user License
Open Source Software
Programming Process
Source Code
void main()
{
Password.cpp
char password[200] = "opensaysme";
char input[200];
while(strcmp(password, input)) {
clrscr();
cout << "\nPlease Enter The Password:";
cin >> input;
Compiler
}
}
cout << "\nWelcome, Oh Great One!\n";
exit(1);
Object (Executable) Code
10011011000111010110111
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Password.exe
How Software Works
 Software consists of a
number of files at least
one of which is
“executable”.
 Executable File: stores
computer instructions in
binary machine language.
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Categories of Software
 System Software
controls the
hardware and runs
the computer
system.
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 Application
Software provides
services for people.
www.download.com
www.betznews.com
The Operating System
 The software that controls the computer’s
use of its hardware.
 Acts as an interface between application
software and hardware.
Applications
Operating
System
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Utility Programs
(the other system software)
Programs designed to assist the
machine in running smoothly,
securely, and efficiently.
Programs that assist us in
maintaining and manipulating
system resources.
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Application Software
 Off-the-shelf
 Prepackaged software designed to meet
a general need and purchased under
license agreements.
 Custom Designed, In-house
Developed, or Contracted
 Designed to solve a unique and specific
problem – developed and owned by a
business or organization.
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Software Licenses
 Single-user
 Shareware
 http://www.download.com
 Multi-user
Open Source Software comes with
the source code used to create the
software.
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Chapter 2 Questions?
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your phone on!!
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