Transcript Digital Convergence - Radford University

Chapter 2
Hardware Designed to Meet
the Need
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Please discontinue use of cell
phone and turn off ringer
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The Digital Revolution
Integrated Circuits and Processing
Storage
Input, Output, and Expansion
Selecting and Purchasing a
Computer
2.1
The Digital Revolution
What does it mean to be digital?
Key Terms
• Binary number system
• Digital convergence
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The Digital Revolution
DIGITAL
Digital Camera
DIGITAL TV
What’s all this fuss
about digital?!
DIGITAL
Digital Convergence
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The Digital Revolution
What’s all the fuss
about digital?!
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The Bit (binary digit)
Recall from chapter 1….
 Bits are the 1’s and
0’s that allow us to
represent, store, and
manipulate data
 They are the smallest
unit of data in a digital
electronics device
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The Bit
 Bits aren’t really 1’s and 0’s, they
are devices that can be set to one
of two states.
 A bit can be a capacitor that is
electronic charged or not charged.
 A bit can be an area of metal particles
on the surface of a disk that are either
magnetically charged or not.
 A bit can be a microscopic spot on a
highly reflective disk surface that
either has a pit burned into it or not.
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The Bit
 How can a bit (an on-off switch) represent
useful data and information?
 Information can be assigned to the two
states of the bit:
 On =
 Off =
1 and 0 are typically used to describe the state of
a bit, but you could use anything; black/white,
true/false, male/female, etc.
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The Bit
• How many units of information could be
represented with 2 bits?
00 =
01 =
10 =
11 =
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The Bit
• How many units of information could be
stored using 3 bits?
000 =
100 =
001 =
101 =
010 =
110 =
011 =
111 =
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The Bit
• Increasing the amount bit allows us to
digitally describe things in more detail.
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The Bit
How many units
of information
can be
represented
with 4 bits?
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# of Bits
1
2
3
4
Units of Info
2
4
8
?
The Bit
General Rule:
2bits = units of info
8 Bits = a Byte
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# of Bits
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Units of Info
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
Bit & Bytes
Some of the ASCII characters
 Bytes can represent any
collection of items using
a “look-up table”
approach
 ASCII is used to
represent characters
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
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ASCII
Code
Char
Character Name
01011011
[
Left Bracket
01011100
\
Backward Slash
01011101
]
Right Bracket
01011110
^
Caret
01011111
_
Underscore
01100000
`
Back Quote
01100001
a
Lower-case A
01100010
b
Lower-case B
01100011
c
Lower-case C
01100100
d
Lower-case D
01100101
e
Lower-case E
01100110
f
Lower-case F
01100111
g
Lower-case G
01101000
h
Lower-case H
Retro Trends: ASCII ART
 Before graphical user interfaces were
the norm, a subculture of Internet
users invented ASCII art: creating
pictures from ASCII characters.
 ASCII art ranges from simple to
complex images.
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Bit & Bytes
 Bytes can also represent “values” using
the binary number system.
 The binary number system uses only
two values, 0 and 1, and is used by
computers and digital devices to
represent and process data.
Decimal
239
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Binary
11101111
Bit & Bytes
128 64 32 16
8
128 64 32 16 8
4
4
2
2
1
1
Click to run Binary Counter –
position counter here.
Binary is not only used for math but also to digitize pictures, and music. In
fact, most things that we perceive with our senses can be described and
stored digitally as values (binary numbers) and manipulated with numeric
calculations.
More on this in chapter 6.
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The Value of Going Digital
 Anything that can be expressed through
words, numbers, sounds, pictures, and even
scents can be digitized.
 Digital information is easy to manipulate.
 Digital information is easy to copy and
transfer.
 Digital information is long lasting.
 Digitization standardizes the format of all
different types of data and information
leading to…
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Digital Convergence
 Digital convergence is the trend to
merge multiple digital services into one
device.
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Why Study Computer
Hardware Components?
Consider PC Choices…
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Let’s go shopping!
 CompUSA
 Sony
 Apple
In order to shop intelligently, you must understand the basics about
processors, storage, input/output and peripherals.
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Key
Components
Processor
Memory
Storage
Networking
Battery Life
OS
Display
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Removable
Storage
CD-R/DVD
2.2
Integrated Circuits and
Processing
Key Terms
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transistor
Integrated circuit
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Motherboard
Arithmetic/logic unit
Control unit
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
The machine cycle
Megahertz (MHz)
Gigahertz (GHz)
Gigaflop
Moore’s Law
Transistor
 A transistor is an
electronics
component,
composed typically of
silicon, that opens or
closes a circuit to alter
the flow of electricity
to store and
manipulate bits.
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Integrated Circuit
 An Integrated Circuit
(chip) combines
transistors and
capacitors in a tiny
module to store and
process bits and bytes
in today’s digital
electronic devices.
http://www.intel.com/technology/silicon/index.htm
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The Central Processing Unit
 The Central
Processing Unit
(CPU) is an
integrated circuit
(or microprocessor)
that performs the
processing in
today’s personal
computers and
other digital
devices.
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Intels Core Duo Processors use
65 nm technology to cram
hundreds of millions of
transistors on a chip the size of
you thumb nail.
Pentium 4
Die photo of the Intel®
Pentium® 4 Processor
built on 90nm technology
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Chicago, IL
Satellite image of Chicago
Which is more complex?
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CPU Components
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): contains the circuitry
to carry out the instructions in the processors
instruction set.
 Control Unit: sequentially accesses program
instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the
flow of data throughout the system.
 Registers: hold the data and instructions currently
being processed (~300 bytes).
 System Clock: provides a steady clock signal used
to synchronize activities within the processor.
Measured in GHz (billions of cycles per second)
 Cache Memory: Fast access memory for
instructions and data soon to be needed (1-2MB).
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The Motherboard
 The motherboard
is the primary circuit
boards of a
computing device
that houses the
digital device’s
circuitry including
the microprocessor
and memory.
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Processing
 The microprocessor accesses instructions
stored in memory over the system bus.
Random Access
Memory (RAM) is
temporary, or volatile,
memory that stores
bytes of data and
program instructions
for the processor to
access.
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Processing – The Machine Cycle
Central Processing Unit
Control Unit
2.Decode
1.Fetch
ALU
3.Execute
Registers
Memory
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The Machine Cycle
4.Store
The four stages of the
machine cycle are (1) fetch
the instruction from memory,
(2) decode and (3) execute
the instruction, then (4) store
the results.
Contributors to CPU Speed
 www.intel.com/products/processor_number/c
hart click View the Demo
 Clock Speed – measured in Megahertz (MHz)
and Gigahertz (GHz), millions and billions of
cycles per second
 Wordlength – how many bits can be processed at
a time (32 or 64)
 Cache size – 512 KB – 2 MB
 Front Side Bus Speed (FSB) – 345-840 MHz
 Architecture
 See next slide >>
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Multi-core processors
 A multi-core microprocessor is one which
combines two or more independent
processors into a single package, often a
single integrated circuit.
 Dual core
 Soon to come - Quad core
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Which processor is best?
 Truest Measures of Performance
 MIPS – millions of instructions per
second
 Gigaflops – billions of floating point
operations per second.
 Note that different instructions take
differing amounts of clock cycles.
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Multiple processors
 Multiprocessing is processing that occurs
using more than one processing unit.
 Parallel processing speeds processing by
linking several CPUs to operate at the same
time, in parallel.
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PC Processor Options
 www.intel.com
 AMD, an alternative to Intel
http://www.amd.com/us-en/
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2.3
Storage
From CH1: Storage is the
ability to maintain data
within the system
temporarily or permanently
Key Terms
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Read-only Memory
Magnetic Storage
Optical Storage
CD-ROM
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DVD
CD-RW
Flash memory card
USB
System Storage
 Random Access Memory, RAM, or primary
storage:
 Volatile memory that stores currently running
software: OS and apps, and data in addressed
cells.
 512 MB Standard, 1 GB recommended
 RAM SIMM: Single In-line Memory Module is
inserted in slots in the Motherboard
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Other Types of Memory
 Cache Memory is fast access storage on the
processor
 Video RAM is included on video card for
faster video display
 ROM stores the boot process instruction
that start the computer and load the OS
from hard drive into RAM
 CMOS memory provides semipermenant
storage for system configuration information
that may change.
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Storage Methods
Secondary Storage
 Sequential Access
(tape)
 Direct Access (disk
or solid state)
Storage Media Type
 Magnetic storage devices use the magnetic
properties of iron oxide particles to store
bits and bytes more permanently
than
Tape Drive
RAM.
 Optical storage media, such as CDs and
DVDs store bits using an optical laser to
burn pits into the surface of a highly
reflective disk surface.
 Solid State storage devices use flash
memory to store bits.
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23
Secondary Storage
 Secondary storage is used to
store data more permanently
without the need for electricity.
DVD-RW
Tape Drive
2GB MP3 Player
Mini Memory Card
1 TB HDD Recorder
Storage silo robot
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Magnetic Media
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Hard Disk Drives
Magnetic Tape
High-capacity Disks (Zip, etc)
Floppy Disks (outdated)
Microdrives
Microdrives from Toshiba
provide iPods with their
ultra high storage capacity.
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Optical Media
 CD, DVD, Blu-laser Disk (BD)
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Solid State
 A flash memory card is a chip that, unlike
RAM, is nonvolatile and keeps its memory
without the need for electricity.
 USB Flash Drives use flash memory to
provide high capacity storage through the
USB port.
Universal Serial Bus or USB is a
standard that allows a wide variety of
devices to connect to a computer
through a common port.
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Internet Storage
 Users are increasingly storing data on
Web servers, rather than on PCs
through services provided by
companies like Yahoo, MSN, Google
and others.
 Google offers Web-based Email,
Calendar, Photo, Spreadsheet, and Word
Processing services that provide the
software and substantial online storage
for free.
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Storage Criteria
 Choose storage media by the
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Cost per MB
Capacity
Portability
Durability
Security
Accessibility
as associated with the requirements of the
data and usage
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ROM
VRAM
CPU
cache
RAM
Regusters
network
Hard Drive
USB
Tape
CD
Magnetic Storage
DVD
Storage Review
Optical Storage
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2.4
Input, Output, and
Expansion
Key Terms
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Input device
Output device
Touch screen
Game pad
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• Biometrics
• Display resolution
• LCD
I/O Concepts
 An input device assists in capturing
and entering raw data into the
computer system.
 An output device allows you to
observe the results of computer
processing with one or more of your
senses.
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I/O Concepts
 Speed and Functionality
 Human vs. Machine Readable Data
 Source Data Automation
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RFID Check out
Input Devices
 Keyboard, Mouse,
Trackball
 Touch screen, stylus,
kiosks
 Microphone, speech
recognition
 Gamepad, other gamecentered devices
 Digital cameras
 Scanning devices
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/tabletpc/default.mspx
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Display resolution is a
measure, in width by
height, of the number of
pixels on the screen.
Output Devices
 Displays
 Liquid crystal display (LCD) or Flat
panel display is a thin flat display that
uses liquid crystals between two pieces
of glass to display text and images.
 Printers and Plotters
 Sound Systems
 Special purpose I/O
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Wearable
display
http://www.u
niversaldispl
ay.com/fole
d.htm
IBM’s Flexible Display (in development)
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The Free2C 3D Kiosk http://www.hhi.fraunhofer.de/english/im/products/free2c/
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New forms of I/O. Microsoft’s surface computing project use combinations of sensors, cameras and
projectors to turn various surfaces, such as kitchen tables, desks, counters, or walls into computing
interfaces.
http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/photos/photo.asp?PhotoID=61073
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2.5
Selecting and Purchasing
a Computer
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Strategies for Computer
Shopping
 Choose type: notebook, desktop, tablet,
handheld
 Choose platform
 Windows/Mac/Linux
 Palm/WindowsMobile
 Choose Manufacturer
 Choose Model
 Select Add-ons
 The all-important Warranty
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Helpful Links for Computer
Shopping
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Research
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Computer Retailers
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www.zdnet.com
www.cnet.com
www.macworld.com
www.cdw.com
www.compusa.com
Direct from Manufacturer
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www.apple.com
www.dell.com
www.sony.com
www.hp.com
www.gateway.com
www.toshiba.com
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Chapter 2 Questions?
Don’t forget to turn
your phone on!!
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