Transcript 1 The Fourth Generation

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Module 1A Computer & Information Literacy
Module 1B A History of Computer Technology
Chapter
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Computer & Information
Literacy
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Why study Computer & Information Literacy
What is a Computer
Introducing Personal Computers
Understanding What Computers do
Type of Computers
The World of Computer Software
Introducing Information Systems
Why Study Computer
& Information Literacy
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Think about what you’ve done
today, and see how many
activities you can name that
involve a computer in one way or
another.
Computer Literacy
Knowledge of computer and
Internet use
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Knows how to gather information,
evaluate this information, and
make an informed decision
An information-literate person
Information Literacy
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Businesses have gone
far beyond the stage of
putting computers on
everyone’s desk. They
are now building
advanced computer
information systems.
Information Literacy
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Individual responsibility has increased
 pension plan decisions
 doctors let patients decide
 managed health care decisions
The Need for Critical Thinking
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Information literacy
requires critical
thinking, the capacity to
evaluate the quality of
the information you’re
getting.
What Is a Computer?
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 electronic devices that, under a program’s
direction and control, perform four basic
operations:
Input
Processing
Output
Storage
Computer Program
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A list of instructions, written in
a programming language, that
tells the computer what to do.
Computer System
Hardware: The physical components
of the computer.
 Software: The programs that run on
the computer.
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Personal Computers
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Components of a typical
microcomputer system
Understanding What
Computers Do
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IPOS cycle:
input, processing, output,
and storage
Connectivity
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Much of what’s
happened in computing
during the last decade
can be summed up with
this one word,
connectivity. The World
Wide Web (WWW) has
millions of Web sites.
Types of Computers
 Computers for individuals:
Professional workstations
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Desktop computers
Network computers (NCs)
Notebook computers
Subnotebooks
Personal digital assistants
(PDA) or handheld computer
Types of Computers
 Computers for
Organizations:
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supercomputer
mainframe
minicomputer
server
Server
The World of Computer
Software
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System Software: all the programs
that help the computer function
operating system (OS)
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Application Software: all the
programs you can use to perform a task
productivity software
special-purpose programs
Computer System
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Hardware: The physical components
of the computer.
 Software: The programs that run on
the computer.
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Introducing Information
Systems
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Information Systems
customized hardware
and software
data central to
company’s mission
trained users
procedures
These managers are reviewing the information system
at the Memphis FedEx facility
Information Systems
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 Issues
Making it happen
The challenge
Giving customers needed information
Pushing order entry out of the enterprise
Ensuring quality service
Understanding technology and marketing
A History of Computer
Technology
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The First Computers
Foundations of Modern Computing
The First Generation
The Second Generation
The Third Generation
The Fourth Generation
A Fifth Generation
Lessons Learned
The First Computers
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The abacus, known to
have existed in ancient
Babylonia and Egypt,
remained in widespread
use in the Far East until
recently.
The First Computers
Jacquard’s Loom: programmed a
loom
 “Babbage’s Folly”: first fully
modern computer design
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Difference Engine
Analytical Engine
The First Computers
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Augusta Ada Byron, the
world’s first computer
programmer, played a key
role in formulating the
notion of programming the
Analytical Engine.
The First Computers
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In 1991, the London
Science Museum built
the Difference Engine
using Babbage's plans,
as shown in this
woodcut. It worked
perfectly.
The First Computers
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Hollerith & the
Automated Census
Bureau
invented an electronic
punching device
founded Tabulating
Machine Co. which
became IBM
Hollerith’s punched-card
tabulating machines are the
predecessors of today’s
business machines.
Foundations of Modern
Computing
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ENIAC, created by Dr. John Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert,
for use in the war but was not completed in time. It was
mainly used to solve math problems
The Stored Program
Concept
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The computer program, as well
as the data, is stored in the
computer’s memory.
The First Generation
1950s
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The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes.
Vacuum tubes failed frequently so first generation
computers did not work most of the time.
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Eckert and Mauchly delivered the first UNIVAC to the
U.S. Census Bureau in 1951. UNIVAC gained fame
when it predicted Eisenhower as the winner of the
1952 U.S. presidential election.
The First Generation
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Features of UNIVAC
easier to use (than ENIAC)
fewer vacuum tubes (more reliable)
stored program
general-purpose
used machine language
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IBM 701
 IBM 650
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The Second Generation
Early1960s
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The transistor
heralded the
second generation
of computers
The Second Generation
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Features and Advancements
still use punch cards
used printers, tape storage, & disk storage
used high-level programming languages
COBOL & FORTRAN introduced
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IBM 1401
The Second Generation
Electronic Recording Machine -Accounting (ERMA)
 American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII)
 IBM System/360
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line of compatible computers
instruction set enabled to be used for both
business and science
The Third Generation
(Mid 1960s to Mid 1970s)
 Advancements and Milestones
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used timesharing
accessed remotely by terminals
used integrated circuits (small, medium, to largescale integration) resulting in lower cost
Integrated chips
The Third Generation
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More Advancements and Milestones
DEC’s minicomputer, the PDP-8
many different programming languages
IBM “unbundled” its systems
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Still More Advancements and Milestones
Wide-area networks (WAN) developed
ARPANET implemented Internet protocols (TCPIP)
Local area networks (LAN) developed
Mainframes (proprietary)/minicomputers (open
architecture)
The Fourth Generation
(1975-1991)
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Advancements and Milestones
employed very-large-scale integration (VLSI)
developed Intel 4004, first microprocessor
Apple Computer founded
IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC)
IBM compatibles or clones introduced
The Fourth Generation
The first IBM PC
was released in
1981. Intel
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provided the
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microprocessor
chip and
Microsoft
Corporation
provided the
operating system
The Fourth Generation
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Interfaces
Motorola
Intel
Macintosh The first GUI was developed at PC
Xerox Corporation’s Palo Alto
Research Center (PARC)
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Macintosh was the first
commercial personal
computer to offer a user
interface
Microsoft’s Windows
98 is a popular GUI
designed for IBMcompatible
microcomputers
A Fifth Generation?
Experts have forecast
that the hallmark of the
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fifth
generation
will
be
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artificial intelligence
(AI), in which computers
exhibit characteristics of
human intelligence. AI
has been slow in coming.
A Fifth Generation?
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Technologically, we’re still in the fourth
generation, in which engineers are pushing
to see how many transistors they can pack
on chip. This effort alone will bring some of
the trappings of AI.
Lessons Learned
Purposes served by technologies cannot
be foreseen by designers
 Developing faster hardware is easier
than developing good software
 A company is wise to create products
that conform to published, nonproprietary standards
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