Transcript History

Computer Architecture
Computer Generations
 First Generation (1945 – 1955)
 Second Generation (1955 – 1965)
 Third Generation (1965 – 1975)
 Fourth Generation (1975 – Present)
Computer Architecture
Before the Computer Generations
 Born in England in 1791, Charles Babbage
conceptualizes a difference engine. In
1830 he enthusiastically began to build a
full-scale working version, using a grant
from the British government – He fails
Computer Architecture
Before the Computer Generations
 He conceived another
machine, called the
analytical engine and
receive the support of
Ada, the countess of
Lovelace, which is
considered the first
computer programmer in
history. Ada developed
the instructions for doing
computations on the
analytical engine. The
machine was never
completed.
In 1991, London Science Museum
constructs the Analytical Engine
in memory of Charles Babbage
Computer Architecture
Before the Computer Generations
 Herman Hollerith
builds the Tabulating
Machine and won the
1890 census contest
 In 1880 United States
census took 7.5 years
to complete the
calculation
 With Hollerith machine,
the 1890 census
calculation took 6
weeks
Computer Architecture
Before the Computer Generations
 In 1896, Hollerith established the
Tabulating Machine Company to market
the product
 In 1924, the company merges with two
other companies and form the
International Business Machines
Corporation - IBM
Computer Architecture
Before the Computer Generations
 Thomas J Watson Sr. rules IBM for more
than 30 years (1924 – 1956) and finances
a project conducted by young Harvard
professor of mathematics, Howard Aiken
 In 1936 Howard reads the notes of Lady
Lovelace and proposes the construction of
a machine, for which Watson gave him $1
million. Harvard Mark 1 was born
Computer Architecture
Before the Computer Generations
 Harvard Mark 1 is 8 feet high and 55 feet
long of steel and glass. It was released in
1944.
 In early 1940s, the American military
approaches Dr. John Mauchly at
University of Pennsylvania to calculate
trajectories for military missiles & artillery
Computer Architecture
Before the Computer Generations
 Dr. Mauchly builds the ENIAC (Electrical
Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
based on the previous work of Dr. John V
Atanasoff (professor of physics at Iowa
State University) called ABC (AtanasoffBerry Computer) in the late 1930s
Computer Architecture
First Generation
 The ENIAC later evolved into UNIVAC
(Universal Automatic Computer) 1, which
was the first commercial general purpose
computer sold in June 14, 1951 to the US
Bureau of the Census
 Key concept of stored program introduced
by John von Neumann
Computer Architecture
First Generation
 Introduction of
Assembly Language
 Vacuum tube
technology was used
to implement logic
functions
 The I/O uses
typewriter-like input
and output devices
 The Vacuum tubes
produce great deal of
heat and causing many
problems in temperature
regulation and climate
control
Computer Architecture
First Generation
 The UNIVAC uses
Magnetic core memories.
It consisted of small
doughnut-shape rings
about the size of
pinheads strung like a
beads on intersecting
wires
 Magnetic tape device
were also developed in
1957
Computer Architecture
Second Generation
 In late 1940s, AT&T Bell Laboratories
scientists (J. Bardeen, H. W. Brattain and
W. Shockley) invent the Transistor,
replacing vacuum tubes. They get Nobel
Prize for their invention.
 They need no warm-up time, consumed less
energy, were faster and more reliable
Computer Architecture
Second Generation
 Magnetic core memories and magnetic
drum storage are widely used
 Evolution from Machine Language to
Assembly Language (which were also
called Symbolic Languages) and then
evolve to High-level languages (Fortran 1954 and COBOL - 1959)
Computer Architecture
Second Generation
 System programs called compilers were
developed to translate these high-level language
programs into corresponding assembly
language program
 Separate I/O processors were developed and in
1962 the first removable disk pack was
marketed
 IBM became major computer manufacturer and
most computer systems are used by
government, business and universities
Computer Architecture
Third Generation
 The development of silicon chip, called the
integrated circuit technology
 Silicon is the most abundant element in
earth’s crust. In the beach sands, rocks and
clay.
 In 1965, the principal site for manufacturing
the silicon chip is Santa Clara County, 30
miles south San Francisco. Later nicknamed
Silicon Valley
Computer Architecture
Third Generation
 IC memories replace magnetic core memories
and IC technology replaces discrete transistor
technology
 In 1964, IBM 360 series mainframe, called
System/360 dominates the market. The
equipment is housed inside blue cabinets and
IBM begins to be known as “Big Blue”
 PDP minicomputer from Digital Equipment
Corporation also widely used by businesses in
this period.
Computer Architecture
Third Generation
 IBM also unbundled the software in its
System/360, selling the software separately from
the hardware and beginning the creation of
today’s software industry
 Operating system software allows efficient
sharing of computer system
 Introduction of microprogramming, parallelism,
and pipelining
 Cache and virtual memories were developed
Computer Architecture
Third Generation
 Bill Gates, went off to
Harvard in 1974 and
hooks up with Paul Allen.
When the MITS Altair was
for sale (January 1975),
both Bill and Paul moved
to Albuquerque, wrote
software for MITS and
formed their own
company called Microsoft
Computer Architecture
Fourth Generation
 Early 1970s, IC
fabrication techniques
evolved into VLSI (Very
Large Scale Integration)
and enable the
fabrication of the
microprocessor
 Apple Computer founded
in 1977 by Steve Jobs
and Steve Wozniak to
market their Apple 1 (and
fails) and Apple 2
Computer Architecture
Fourth Generation
 When MITS failed,
Microsoft moved their
operation to their
native Bellevue,
Washington with their
32 employees (1980).
 IBM came and offered
a chance to develop
the operating system
for IBM's soon-to-be
personal computer
Computer Architecture
Fourth Generation
 Placing the whole
company at risk,
Gates purchased an
existing operating
system, which was
reworked to produce
MS-DOS (Microsoft
Disk Operating
System)
 IBM PC launched in
1981 and rose to the
top of best seller list
in 18 months
Computer Architecture
Fourth Generation
 Intel, National Semiconductor, Motorola,
Texas Instruments, Advanced Micro
Device (AMD).
 Computer organizational concepts
developed such as concurrency, pipelining,
cache, virtual memories.
 Portable notebook, desktop, workstation,
local area networks (LAN), wide area
networks (WAN), Internet.