Transcript carbon bonding

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Diagram carbon:
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Because of it’s structure, carbon
generally makes ____________ bonds
CARBON
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Carbon can make __SINGLE_ bonds,
where _1__ electron pair is shared
CARBON BONDING
Single bond
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__DOUBLE_ bonds, where __2__
electron pairs are shared,
Double bond
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or __TRIPLE___ bonds, where _3__
electron pairs are shared.
Triple bond
Chemicals containing carbon – carbon
bonds are called __ORGANIC
MOLECULES____
 Not the organic that you think of
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ORGANIC MOLECULES
Once you have C-C bonds, different
__FUNCTIONAL _ groups can be added.
 These function groups give the molecule
it’s _PROPERTIES__ and effect the
__REACTIONS__ it undergoes
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There are 4 types of organic molecules
(made by adding functional groups to C-C
bonds) that are especially important to
living things: __CARBOHYDRATES,
LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND NUCLEIC
ACIDS__
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Carbon can form straight or branched
chains, and rings
ARRANGEMENT
Organic molecules are made up of
__MONOMERS__ which are building
blocks
 These monomers link together to form
bigger molecules called
_POLYMERS____________
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BUILDING BLOCKS
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These polymers combine to form
_MACROMOLECULES___, literally meaning
_LARGE MOLECULE__.
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_MONOMERS__ => _POLYMERS___ =>
_MACROMOLECULES___
Carbohydrates add _WATER_ (H2O) as the
functional group, hence “hydrate”
 Therefore the general formula for a
carbohydrate is _1_ carbon : _2_
hydrogen : _1_ oxygen (although there
are no carbohydrates with that EXACT
formula)
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◦ Saccharides have the general shape of a
_RING_
CARBOHYDRATES
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Monomer of the carbohydrate is called a
__SACCHARIDE____
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Carbohydrates are used in the body for
_QUICK_ _ENERGY_
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The simplest type of carbohydrate is a
building block called a
__MONOSACCHARIDE_ (remember,
mono- means __ONE______)
Saccharide shape
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Monosaccharide are called "__SIMPLE
SUGARS__"
MONOSACCHARIDES
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Monosaccharides have between 3 and 9
sugars, with the most common being _5_
and _6__
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2 important monosaccharides with 5
carbons are _RIBOSE_ and
_DEOXYRIBOSE_
◦ These sugars are components of _NUCLEIC___
_ACID_ which are molecules involved in every
aspect of cellular life
3 CARBON SUGARS
There are 3 common monosaccharide that
all have the chemical formula
___C6H12O6___
 This makes them ____ISOMERS______ chemicals with the same formula but
different 3 –D structure
 Because they have different structures,
they also have different _PROPERTIES_
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FORMULA
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__GLUCOSE__________________ is
manufactured by plants and is the main
source of energy for _LIFE_
GLUCOSE
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_FRUCTOSE__________________ is the
sweetest and is found in fruits
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FRUCTOSE
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___GALACTOSE_____________________
____ is not very sweet and is found in
dairy products and sugar beets
GALACTOSE
Comparison
When you take 2 monosaccharides and
put them together, you get a
__DISACCHARIDE__
 To combine monosaccharides, you use a
_DEHYDRATION SYNETHESIS_ reaction,
in which you get a larger molecule and
WATER
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Disaccharide Formation
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Disaccharide are also called "__SIMPLE
SUGARS__"
DISACCHARIDES
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Glucose and fructose together form
__SUCROSE_______, table sugar
SUCROSE
Lactose is found in __DAIRY____
products, and is formed by combining
_GALACTOSE_________ and
__GLUCOSE______________
 Disaccharides are also called "_SIMPLE
SUGARS___"
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LACTOSE
◦ People who are _LACTOSE___ _INTOLERANT_
lack an enzyme (a chemical that speeds up
reactions) to break lactose into it’s individual
components
◦ This causes the molecule to pass through the
digestive system in a large piece and causes
symptoms such as _FLATULANCE, PAIN,
CRAMPING, DIARRHEA__
LACTOSE INTOLEANCE
Many saccharides together are a
__POLYSACCHARIDE_________
 These are " __COMPLEX
CARBOHYDRATES_"
 Unlike monosacchardies, polysacchardies
can have many different __SHAPES__
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POLYSACCHARIDES
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Though still considered short term energy,
complex carbohydrates are harder to
break down in the body.
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__STARCH_ is the most common storage
molecule in plants
◦ Humans consume starch for energy, especially
found in _POTATOES__ and other _ROOT_
vegetables
STARCH
Animals use _GLYCOGEN__ for storage
 Found generally in the __LIVER_ AND
MUSCLES
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GLYCOGEN
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Polysaccharides can also be used for
_STRUCTURE_ in the body
◦ __CELLULOSE__ is the polysaccharide that
makes up the cell wall in plants
Simple sugars are the main _ENERGY___
source for the cell
 In fact your brain uses at least twice as
much glucose as the rest of the body,
about 125 – 150 grams
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However, if you eat too much sugar at one
time, your body delivers a lot of
_INSULIN_ to break it down quickly
 This causes too much of the sugar to be
consumed and your blood sugar number
drops very low
 This often times can make you
_HUNGRY_, __JITTERY_, _LIGHTHEADED,
etc
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The danger of simple sugars
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There is a slight difference, however,
between _UNREFINED_ and _REFINED_
sugars
◦ Unrefined sugars are those that are closer to
their natural state – they contain _MINERALS_
in addition to the sugars
◦ Examples of unrefined sugars include _HONEY,
MOLASSES, ETC
◦ The most common example of refined sugars is
_WHITE SUGAR____
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Diets high in refined sugars lead to
_OBESITY, CANCER, WRINKLES, ETC_
Complex carbohydrates are _BETTER_ for
you.
 Because they are polysaccharides, they
are _LARGER__ molecules. Therefore,
they must first be broken to be used as
_GLUCOSE_.
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◦ This allows insulin to be released SLOWER
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Keep in mind, however, that some
complex carbs are more refined than
others too - _WHOLE WHEATS_ are more
healthy than _WHITE FLOURS__ because
they need more work in the body to break
down
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Complex carbs can be obtained from
_FRUITS, _VEGETABLES__, and _WHOLE
GRAINS___
COMPLEX CARBS
Cellulose is insoluble (meaning _DOES
NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER__) and is called
_FIBER_ when we talk about it as a
human nutrient
 In addition, cellulose is important to the
digestive system, as it causes _WATER__
to be absorbed in the small intestine and
causes smooth muscle contractions, which
causes _FECES__ to be moved along
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This has been shown to help fight,
_HUNGER__, __OBESITY___ and cancers,
such as _COLON__
HEALTH BENEFITS
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You should eat _25 - 30__ grams of fiber
a days. This will help keep you
“__REGULAR___” along with other health
benefits
FOOD LABEL
Forms of Carbohydrate
Sugars can be divided into several categories:
* Simple sugars are usually thought of as unhealthy foods—for example, white sugar
(sucrose) or high-fructose corn syrup. But simple sugars are also plentiful in sweettasting fruits—an important part of a healthy diet.
* Complex carbohydrates are long branching chains of simple sugars connected
together—the proper name for this form of carbohydrate is starch. These sugars are
abundant in common plant foods, like corn, potatoes, rice, whole wheat flours, and
beans. Green and yellow vegetables also synthesize and store complex carbohydrates,
but in lesser amounts.
* Dietary Fiber is another chain form of complex carbohydrate, but its structures are not
digested by the human intestine. Although providing no calories, fiber is important for
proper bowel and other metabolic functions.
* Glycogen is a form of complex sugar made of branching chains of glucose. It is
synthesized in the body and then stored in the muscles and liver for future activities.
* Non-absorbable sugars (also called sugar alcohols) are sweet-tasting but are not
readily absorbed from the intestine into the body. Although many are found in small
amounts naturally, they are manufactured for commercial use. Examples are non-caloric
sweeteners, like sorbitol and mannitol, used in candies and gums. Because they are
poorly absorbed they have a laxative effect—lactulose is prescribed for this purpose
Forms of carbohydrates