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Computer Architecture I (1DT016)
Cary Laxer, Ph.D.
Visiting Lecturer
Informationsteknologi
Today’s class
Introductions
Computer organization overview
Introduction to assembly language
programming
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
2
Introductions
Informationsteknologi
Instructor
Cary Laxer
Visiting lecturer
Home institution is Rose-Hulman Institute of
Technology, Terre Haute, Indiana, USA
Professor and Head of Computer Science and
Software Engineering
Bachelor’s degree in computer science and
mathematics from New York University
Ph.D. in biomedical engineering from Duke
University
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
4
Informationsteknologi
Course
Information is maintained on the course website:
www.it.uu.se/edu/course/homepage/dark/ht07
Three weekend meetings
Friday and Saturday each time
Lecture and lab time both days
Texts
Structured Computer Organization (Fifth Edition) by Andrew S.
Tanenbaum
Introduction to RISC Assembly Language Programming by
John Waldron
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
5
Informationsteknologi
Introduce yourselves
Tell us:
Your
name
Your hometown
Your computer background
Something interesting about yourself
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
6
Computer organization
overview
Informationsteknologi
Programs and languages
Program – a sequence of instructions to
perform a certain task
High level language – English-like programming
languages such as C++, Java, etc.
Machine language – computer’s primitive
instruction set (e.g. add two numbers, compare
a number to 0)
Assembly language – mnemonics for machine
language instructions
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
8
Informationsteknologi
Languages, Levels, Virtual Machines
A multilevel machine
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
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Informationsteknologi
Contemporary Multilevel
Machines
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
10
Informationsteknologi
Milestones in Computer
Architecture (1)
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
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Informationsteknologi
Milestones in Computer
Architecture (2)
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
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Informationsteknologi
Computer Generations
Zeroth Generation
Mechanical Computers (1642 – 1945)
First Generation
Vacuum Tubes (1945 – 1955)
Second Generation
Transistors (1955 – 1965)
Third Generation
Integrated Circuits (1965 – 1980)
Fourth Generation
Very Large Scale Integration (1980 – ?)
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
13
Informationsteknologi
Von Neumann Machine
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
14
Informationsteknologi
PDP-8 Innovation – Single
Bus
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
15
Informationsteknologi
IBM 360
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
16
Informationsteknologi
The Computer Spectrum
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
17
Informationsteknologi
Personal Computer
1. Pentium 4 socket
2. 875P Support chip
3. Memory sockets
4. AGP connector
5. Disk interface
6. Gigabit Ethernet
7. Five PCI slots
8. USB 2.0 ports
9. Cooling technology
10. BIOS
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
18
Informationsteknologi
Intel Computer Family
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
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Informationsteknologi
The Pentium 4 Chip
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
20
Informationsteknologi
Metric Units
The principal metric prefixes.
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
21
Introduction to Assembly
Language
Informationsteknologi
Number systems
Decimal (base 10)
Binary (base 2)
Hexadecimal (base 16)
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
23
Informationsteknologi
Two’s complement numbers
Represent negative integers to the computer
To determine the two’s complement of an
integer:
Invert all the bits (make zeroes ones and ones
zeroes)
Add 1
Example: 29 = 0001 1101
Invert all the bits: 1110 0010
Add 1: 1110 0011 (this is -29)
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
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Informationsteknologi
Integer storage and
capacities
Bit – 0 or 1 (one binary digit)
Nibble – 4 bits, 0-15 (one hex digit)
Byte – 8 bits, 2 hex digits, 0-255 or -128
to +127
Word – 4 bytes, 32 bits, 8 hex digits
to 232-1 or 0 to 4,294,967,295 unsigned
-(231) to 231-1 or -2,147,483,648 to
+2,147,483,647 signed
0
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
25
Informationsteknologi
Characters
ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange)
EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded
Decimal Interchange Code)
Unicode
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
26
Informationsteknologi
In-class exercise
Write the number 30010 in:
Write the number -7810 in:
Binary
Hex
Eight-bit two’s complement binary notation
32-bit two’s complement hexadecimal notation
Using one byte to store integers, what happens
when you add:
255 + 1 using unsigned numbers
127 + 1 using signed numbers
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
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Informationsteknologi
The MIPS Processor
MIPS = Microprocessor without
Interlocked Pipeline Stages
It is a RISC (reduced instruction set
computer) architecture
Currently used in many embedded
systems, such as TiVO, Windows CE
devices, Nintendo 64, and Sony
Playstation 2
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
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Informationsteknologi
MIPS Memory Organization
Memory is byteaddressable
Addresses of
memory
cells
Friday, September 28, 2007
0x00000000
0x00
0x00000001
0xA0
0x00000002
0x3E
0x00000003
0x10
0xFFFFFFFC
0x90
0xFFFFFFFD
0x6F
0xFFFFFFFE
0xA1
0xFFFFFFFF
0x00
.
.
.
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
Each
cell
holds
one
byte
29
Informationsteknologi
MIPS Memory Layout
A program’s address
space is composed of
three parts:
0x7FFFFFFF
At the bottom of the user
address space
(0x00400000) is the text
segment, which holds the
program’s instructions
Starting at address
0x10000000 is the data
segment
The program stack resides
at the top of the address
space (0x7FFFFFFF) and
grows down
Friday, September 28, 2007
Stack segment
.
.
.
Data segment
0x10000000
Text segment
0x00400000
Reserved
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
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Informationsteknologi
MIPS Registers
Program counter (PC) – holds address of next
instruction to be executed
32 general purpose registers, numbered 0-31
Register n is designated by $n or Rn
Register zero, $0, always contains the hardwired
value 0
There are conventions governing their use (see
Table 3.1 on page 20 of Waldron)
16 floating point registers $f0…$f15 to hold
floating point numbers
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
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Informationsteknologi
SPIM Simulator
Runs programs for the MIPS assembly
language on other platforms
Free versions available online (I got a
Windows version at
http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~larus/spim.html)
Friday, September 28, 2007
Computer Architecture I - Class 1
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SPIM I/O
10 operating system-like services through the
syscall instruction
Load the system call code (see Table 3.2 on
page 22 of Waldron) into register $v0 ($2)
Load the arguments into registers $a0…$a3
($4…$7) (or $f12 for floating point values)
Return values are placed in register $v0 (or
$f0 for floating point results)
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Informationsteknologi
Hello World
.text
.globl __start
__start:
la $a0,str
li $v0,4
syscall
li $v0,10
syscall
str:
#
#
#
#
execution starts here
put string address into a0
system call to print
out a string
# au revoir...
.data
.asciiz "hello world\n"
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Computer Architecture I - Class 1
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Informationsteknologi
Demonstration
Demo of PCSpim using the Hello World
program
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Computer Architecture I - Class 1
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