Transcript Unit D: Digitals Electronics and File Management

Computer Concepts-Illustrated
Introductory, Sixth Edition,
Enhanced
Unit D
Digital Electronics and
File Management
1
Objectives
Discuss digital data
representation
Introduce integrated circuits
Explore processors
Introduce computer memory:
RAM
Explore computer memory
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
2
Objectives
Introduce computer file basics
Examine file locations
Introduce file management
Explore file management
Examine file storage
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
3
Discuss Digital Data Representation
The form in which information is
conceived, manipulated and recorded
on a digital device
Uses discrete digits/electronic signals
 Binary number system
 On/Off; Yes/No; 1/0
Byte = 8 bits = 1 character
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Discuss Digital Data Representation
Numeric data:
 Represents quantities used in
arithmetic operations.
Character data:
 Letters, symbols, and numbers
not used in arithmetic operations.
Computers must digitize
pictures and sounds
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Discuss Digital Data Representation
Most files have file headers
Codes that represent character data:
 ASCII, EBCDID, Unicode
 Extended ASCII (shown below)
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Quantifying Bytes and Bits
Bit = b
Nibble = Half of a byte
Byte = B
Kilobyte (KB) (1024 bytes)
Megabyte (MB) (Million bytes)
Gigabyte (GB) (Billion bytes)
Terabyte (TB) (Trillion bytes)
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Introduce Integrated Circuits
A super thin slice of semi–conducting
material packed with microscopic
circuit elements such as wires,
transistors, capacitors, logic gates,
and resistors. Bits are represented as
electrical pulses that travel over these
circuits.
Also called a chip, microchip
and computer chip.
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Integrated Circuits (cont.)
Chips are classified by number of
components they contain
 SSI (small-scale integration), less than
100 components per chip
 ULSI (Ultra large-scale) over 1 million
Semi conducting materials used
to make chips
 Silicon and germanium
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Integrated Circuit Uses
Processors
Memory
Chip
Package
Support circuitry
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Processor Packages
DIPs (dual in-line packages)
DIMMs (dual in-line memory modules)
PGAs (Pin-grid arrays)
SECs (single-edge contact cartridges)
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Microprocessor (Processor)
Designed to process instructions
Largest chip on motherboard
Intel: world’s largest chipmaker
(Pentiums)
AMD: Cheaper chips (Athlons)
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Motherboard
Main circuit board
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Processor Components
ALU (Arithmetic
Logic Unit)
Control Unit
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Processor Performance
Speed: processor clock set clock
speed (MHz or GHz )
Word Size: number of bits the
processor can manipulate at one
time (32-bit or 64-bit)
Cache: high speed memory
(kilobytes)
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Processor Performance
Instruction Set Type:
 CISC (Complete instruction set computer)
 RISC (Reduced instruction set computer)
Processing Technique:




Serial
Pipelining
Parallel
Dual-core
Look at benchmark testing to
compare
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Memory Types
Random Access Memory
(RAM)
Virtual Memory
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
CMOS
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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RAM (Random Access Memory)
Temporary (volatile) holding area for data,
application software and operating system
Expensive chip set
Circuitry
Less storage than disk
Capacitors hold bits
Capacity measured in MB
Speed in nanoseconds
Makes the most noticeable difference
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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RAM Types
SDRAM
 Synchronous Dynamic RAM
 fast and cheap
 DIMMS
 Most popular
RDRAM
 Rambus Dynamic RAM
 faster and more expensive
 RIMMs and SO-RIMMs
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Virtual Memory
Disk-based
Stores parts of programs and data
until they are needed by the
processor
Works with RAM, but is slower
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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ROM (Read-Only Memory)
Permanent on a chip from
manufacturer
Holds computer start up routine,
which are hard-wired instructions
 Only way to change is to replace ROM
chip
ROM BIOS (basic input/output
system)
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)
Battery powered
More permanent than RAM; less
permanent than ROM
Stores basic computer
configuration
Must be updated via CMOS setup
program when configuration
changes
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Computer Ads
Includes: capacity, speed, and
type of RAM
Also maximum RAM that can be
installed
Example:
512 MB 400 MHZ SDRAM
capacity
speed
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
type
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Computer File Characteristics
A collection of data on a storage
medium
Filename conventions
Filename extension indicates
native file format
.txt
.jpg
.exe
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
.doc
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File Locations
Device drive letters A: C: D:
Directory




Root Directory (C:\)
Subdirectory or folder (C:\Documents)
File specification or path
File size and date
C:\Music\Reggae\Marley One Love.mp3
Drive
letter
Primary
folder
Secondary
folder
Filename
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
Filename
extension
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Deleting Files
Move to Recycle Bin in Windows
Undelete
Empty Bin
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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File Management
Helps you organize your
computer files
File/Save and File/Open
Save vs. Save As
Desktop search tools
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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File Management Tools
Utilities like Windows Explorer or
Macintosh: Finder or Spotlight
 list, find, move, copy, delete, rename
Filing cabinet or tree model
Metaphors to help you visualize
files on a storage device
Folder hierarchy
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Using Files
Start application (open Word)
Create file (type text)
Save file (File/Save)
Close file and application (File/Exit)
Open file again for editing (File/Open)
Edit file
Save file (with changes, or rename)
 File/Save
 File/Save As
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Organizing Files
On your computer:
 Give files and folders descriptive names
 Keep file extensions so files open with
correct software
 Group similar files into folders
 Organize folders from top-down to
make retrieval and backup easier
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Examine File Storage
Logical storage
 Windows Explorer creates a mental
image of how to create, save, and
retrieve files
Physical storage
 How the data is stored on your computer
File system keeps track of names
and file locations.
 Windows uses FAT32 or NTFS
 Backup your index file
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Examine File Storage
Clusters: a group of sectors that
speeds up storage and retrieval
FAT (File Allocation Table) on each
disk keeps track of where all files are
and which clusters are empty; if
damaged, you lose everything
Defragmentation Utility rearranges
files to be stored in contiguous clusters
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Tech Talk: How a processor executes
instructions
Complex task broken down into a
series of simple steps or
instructions
Instructions are in machine code
(0s and 1s) and consist of:
 Op code: Operation code like Add,
Compare, etc
 Operand: data address for operation
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Tech talk: How a processor executes
instructions
Instruction Set is built into
processor
Instructional Cycle is the execution
of a single instruction
Interpret Instruction
Fetch Instruction
Execute Instruction
Increment Instruction Pointer
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Context: Banking
Automated check
clearing
Check fraud
ATMs
Internet banking
Online bill-paying
Security concerns
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Issue: Online Voting
•Basic requirements for
democratic voting systems
•Allow voters to cast votes
remotely
•Technical and security
issues
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Unit Summary
Computers digitize information
Processors interpret instructions
RAM, Virtual, ROM, and CMOS
are memory types
Computers store files logically
(Windows Explorer) and
physically (in clusters on disks)
Computer Concepts, 6th Edition, Enhanced
-- Illustrated
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Digital Electronics and File
Management
End
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