Transcript 370 lectures

CS 352
Computer Organization & Design
Fall 2010
Hardware /nm./: the part of the computer that you can kick.
Teaching Staff
• Professor Dan Ernst
– Office Hours:
• Wednesday 1:00pm – 3:00pm
• Thursday 9:30am – 11:30am
• … or by appointment
– Phillips 139
– [email protected]
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
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Goals of the course
• To understand how computer systems are organized
– Instruction set architecture
– Processor microarchitecture
– Systems architecture
• To gain skill in evaluating these systems for the purposes of:
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making intelligent design decisions
making intelligent programming decisions *new*
making smart purchasing decisions
whatever other purposes you put it to
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
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Where does CS 352 fit in our curriculum?
• Software view
– CS 145  245  255
– Turning specs into high level language
• Hardware view
– CS 278 (optional)
– electricity  transistors  gates  functional units
• CS 352 Builds on both of these
– How do we take high-level language and actually compute it?
– How do we build a computing device? (based on digital logic?)
• Prereqs: CS 255 ( Discrete Structures & Algorithms – Java )
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
4
Grading in 352
• Assignments (40% total)
– 3 programming assignments – C++
• Purpose is not to teach you how to program
– Design project and paper
(These are somewhat subject to change!)
• Three exams (40% total)
– 2 midterms + 1 final
– Final exam is at least marginally comprehensive
• In-class activities/Quizzes ( ~8 -10 – 20% total)
• Attendance not directly counted towards grade
– If you’re not here, you’re still responsible for what comes out of my mouth
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
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CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
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A picture is worth 1000 words…
(or a billion transistors)
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
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Managing Complexity with Abstraction
• Designers deal with the extreme complexity of microprocessors
by using abstraction.
– Focus only on 1-2 levels of abstraction at a time
– Similar to OOD
• Don’t need to know how the module works, just that it does work.
– And the interface
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
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Be Disciplined with Abstraction
• Just having abstraction isn’t enough, we need to use it
• When designing (HW or SW), take advantage of abstraction by
using the properties of:
– Hierarchy – Break designs down to manageable pieces
– Modularity – Keep your pieces self-contained with well-defined interfaces
– Regularity – Make modules “standardized”, and therefore reusable
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
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Levels of Abstraction in a Computer System
hardware
software
Apps
Applications – Generic Software
O/S
Operating System – Controlling Software
Arch
Architecture – HW/SW Interface
mArch
marchitecture – High-level organization
Logic
Digital Logic – Building-block Modules
Digital
Digital Circuits – Continuous  Discrete
Analog
Analog Circuits – Fun with Electricity
Devices
Devices – Transistors, Capacitors, etc.
Physics
Physical Properties – Electrons, Ions, etc.
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
10
What would you say is the greatest invention of the 20th century?
(ABC News poll, 1999)
Top responses
Computers ???
Automobile
Electricity
Television
Telephone/Telecommunications
Airplane
Medicines/Vaccinations
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
%
30
12
9
9
7
4
4
Dan Ernst
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Computer Pre-history
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Charles Babbage
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Analytical Engine
Started in 1834
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Worked on until his death in 1871
Never Finished
No Hertz Rating
Heinrich Hertz 1857-1894
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Driven by a steam engine
As designed, was Turing-complete
As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will
necessarily guide the future course of the science.
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
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What would you say is the greatest invention of the 20th century?
(ABC News poll, 1999)
Top responses
Computers ???
Automobile
Electricity
Television
Telephone/Telecommunications
Airplane
Medicines/Vaccinations
%
30
12
9
9
7
4
4
“The transistor; without it, the XBOX would probably be the size of a city.”
- nate66, some xbox forum
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
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Introduction of Microelectronics
• Miniaturization of immense proportions
Transistor: This is an abbreviated combination of
the words "transconductance" or "transfer", and
"varistor". The device logically belongs in the
varistor family, and has the transconductance or
transfer impedance of a device having gain, so that
this combination is descriptive.
— Bell Telephone Laboratories — Technical
Memorandum (May 28, 1948)
Integrated Circuit: Miniaturized electronic circuit
manufactured in a thin layer of semiconductor
material.
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
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Moore’s Law
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
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The Power of Miniaturization
EDSAC 1 (1949)
~ 500 OPs
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Pentium 4 (2002)
~ 12 GFLOPs
24,000,000 times faster
Dan Ernst
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Analog Circuits – Electrons in Motion
Apps
s
d
O/S
s
g
The NMOS
Transistor
Arch
d
mArch
Logic
s
g
d
s
g
d
Digital
Analog
Devices
Physics
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
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The Field-Effect Transistor (FET)
Apps
s
g
O/S
Arch
mArch
The NMOS
Transistor
d
Logic
Digital
Analog
Devices
Physics
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Dan Ernst
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The Most Powerful Abstraction
Apps
O/S
Arch
mArch
Logic
Digital
Analog
Devices
Input
Output
0
1
1
0
Physics
CS 352 : Computer Organization and Design
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
From here on out:
~ Max voltage = 1
~ Low voltage = 0
Dan Ernst
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