Transcript A single photon counting pixel detector system for

Development of single photon counting pixel
detectors for synchrotron radiation applications
Hidenori Toyokawa
Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute / SPring-8
Swiss Light Source / PSI
SPring-8, Japan
8 GeV storage ring
First beam: March 1997
User operation: from October 1997
2.4 GeV storage ring
First beam: August 2001
User operation:
from October 2001
SPring-8 and the Switzerland's Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) signed the MOU on
May 1999 to promote advanced synchrotron radiation research.
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
PILATUS project
•
PILATUS (Pixel Apparatus for the SLS) is a
challenging project to develop a large area
single photon counting pixel detector for
synchrotron radiation experiments by the PSI.
•
SLS detector group are sharing laboratories
with CMS pixel group.
•
SPring-8 has been taking a part in the
PILATUS project since 2001, based on the
MOU. Pixel Apparatus for SPring-8
•
Mt. PILATUS
Outline of my talk:
– Features of pixel detectors
– Applications at SPring-8 & SLS
– Summary and outlook
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
Existed 2D detectors
for Synchrotron Radiation Applications
• Position sensitive 2D detectors are powerful devices for use in
synchrotron radiation experiments. Imaging plates are
representative of them, and CCD-based detectors have become a
major tool for protein crystallography recently.
• These detectors, however, record X-ray intensity by integrating the
energy deposited by X-ray photons.
• Conventional Si, Ge, and NaI detectors are still essential
instruments, when fluorescence background has to be rejected by
energy discrimination, for example.
• The readout time of CCD is in the second range, and that for
imaging plate is minutes. It is often so inefficient and so time
consuming.
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
Advantage for Pixel Detector
• In this respect, the single photon counting pixel detector is regarded
as a new generation of X-ray detectors. The most important
features are the following.
– No dark current, no readout noise and energy discrimination, resulting
in maximum dynamic range.
– High quantum efficiency.
– Short readout time.
0.2 mm
E
Pixel sensor
0.3 mm
X-rays
on detector
X-rays
Q
0.2 mm
Integrating
detector
ADC
Sensor
CMOS readout
chip
t
Single photon
counting detector
Chip
Bump Bonds
V
Amplifier
output
V
Comparator
output
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
Threshold
Counter
2007/6/28
PILATUS 100 K Detector System
(Single module)
Complete X-ray Camera System,
including Power- supply, PC, Software
Radiation hard design
No of pixels: 487 x 195 = 94’965 pixel
Pixel size: 172 x 172 mm2
Dynamic Range/pixel: 20 bits
Read out time: Tro = 2 ms @ 67 MHz
Energy Range: 3 – 30 keV
Lower discrimination
Total Power Consumption: 15 W
Frame Rate, PCI card Readout system: 200 Hz
Air cooled, very simple operation
Electronic shutter, external synchronization
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
PILATUS-II chip architecture
Row
selection
Coloumn
selection
DIN
DOUT
DCAL
AOUT
•Radiation hard design
•60 × 97 = 5820 pixels
•Pixel size 172 ×172 mm2
•Chip size 17.54 ×10.45mm2
•20 bit counter/pixel
(1,048,575 X-rays)
•6 bit DAC for threshold
adjustment
Rowsel
PILATUS II Chip: 60 cols, 97 rows
Colsel
PILATUS II Pixel Cell
ENA
DCLK
CHSEL
Pixsel
6 Bit Latch
+ DAC
Global
Tresh
Bump
Pad
CS
Amp
Comp
+
Pixsel
Pulse
Shaper
CNT/RO
1- 2
Gen
20 bit
Counter
Pixsel
Pixsel
1.6fF
Pixsel
CAL
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
Rowsel
AOUT ENA DCLK
DIN
Colsel
&
Pixsel
DOUT
2007/6/28
PILATUS II Module
1 Hamamatsu Sensor
16 PILATUS II Chips
(83.76 x 33.54 mm2)
Hybrid from Dyconex
Mechanical Support
Module Control Board
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
Bump-Bonded Module with 16 chips
•
•
•
•
•
The fundamental unit of the detector is the
module, consisting of a single fully-depleted
monolithic silicon sensor (Hamamatsu 6”
wafer) with an 8 × 2 array of readout chips
bump bonded to it.
The sensor thickness is 320 mm. At 8 keV
the absorption Si-sensor is nearly 100 % of
the incoming radiation; at 12 keV 75 % of
the radiation is stopped.
CMOS is UMC 0.25 mm technology 8” wafer
380 or 720 mm in thickness.
Bump-bonding was performed at the PSI.
Bump bonding quality
Total : 200 modules
0 defect : 5
0 - 0.01% : 67
0.01 - 0.1% : 46
(including sensor defect)
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
Analog performance
PILATUS II Pixel Cell
Pixsel
6 Bit Latch
+ DAC
Global
Tresh
Bump
Pad
CS
Amp
Comp
+
Pixsel
Pulse
Shaper
CNT/RO
1- 2
Gen
20 bit
Counter
Pixsel
Pixsel
1.6fF
Pixsel
CAL
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
Rowsel
AOUT ENA DCLK
DIN
Colsel
&
Pixsel
DOUT
2007/6/28
Comparator Calibration
PILATUS II Pixel Cell
Pixsel
6 Bit Latch
+ DAC
Global
Tresh
Bump
Pad
CS
Amp
Comp
+
Pixsel
Pulse
Shaper
CNT/RO
1- 2
Gen
20 bit
Counter
Pixsel
Pixsel
1.6fF
Pixsel
CAL
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
Rowsel
AOUT ENA DCLK
DIN
Colsel
&
Pixsel
DOUT
2007/6/28
Comparator Calibration
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
Threshold dispersion
PILATUS II Pixel Cell
Pixsel
6 Bit Latch
+ DAC
Global
Tresh
Bump
Pad
CS
Amp
Comp
+
Pixsel
Pulse
Shaper
CNT/RO
1- 2
Gen
20 bit
Counter
Pixsel
Pixsel
1.6fF
Pixsel
CAL
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
Rowsel
AOUT ENA DCLK
DIN
Colsel
&
Pixsel
DOUT
2007/6/28
Threshold dispersion
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
Rate performance
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
SPring-8 Bemline map
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
Two-dimensional Time-resolved X-ray Diffraction
Study of Directional Solidification in Steels at BL46XU
M. Yonemura, T. Osuki,
Corporate Research and Development
Laboratories, Sumitomo Metal Industries
H. Terasaki, Y. Komizo,
Joining and Welding Research Institute,
Osaka University
M. Sato, H. Toyokawa
Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research
Institute
Power:10V, 150A
Silicon pixel detector
Torch scan（～1mm/s)
Arc discharge
2θ=35°
X-ray beams（18KeV）
In situ characterization of directional
solidification process during welding was
carried out using the time resolved Xray diffraction technique with high
frame rate measurements up to 100
fps. The crystal growth during the rapid
cooling was caught in detail and
employed a systematic peak profile
analysis in order to acquire the essential
information for controlling the weld
microstructure. .
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
θ=20°
Specimen（12mmt）
To cooling tower
Cooling water
Water-cooled copper plate
2007/6/28
Time resolved X-ray diffraction patterns
during weld cycle
■Initial stage : δ200//NbC220  (100)δ// (100)NbC
■Final stage : Matrix: preferred orientation, NbC: random
Halo pattern (Liquid Phase)
γ200
γ111
(e)1420℃
(a)200℃
NbC311
δ110
NbC200
NbC220
NbC111
(b)500℃
(f)1370℃
Cooling
Heating
γ111
γ220
(c)1400℃
δ110
γ200
δ200
γ111
γ111
NbC220
(g)1150℃
(d)1660℃
δ200
NbC200
γ200
(h)300℃
δ110
NbC111
Halo pattern (Liquid Phase)
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
Ultra small angle X-ray scattering (BL19B2)
Imagine plate
5 min exposure
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
Pilatus
5 min exposure
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
X-ray diffractometer combining synchrotron radiation
and pulsed magnetic fields up to 40 T at BL19LXU
Y. Narumi,a K. Kindo,a K. Katsumata,b M. Kawauchi,c Ch. Broennimann,d
U. Staub,d H. Toyokawa,e Y. Tanaka,b A. Kikkawa,b T. Yamamoto,c
M. Hagiwara,c T. Ishikawa,b and H. Kitamura,b
aISSP, University of Tokyo
bRIKEN SPring-8 Center, Harima Institute
cKYOKUGEN, Osaka University
dSwiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut
eJapan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute
A synchrotron X-ray diffractometer incorporating a pulsed field magnet
for high fields up to 40 T has been developed. The PILATUS-II SMD was
used to store the diffracted X-rays. As a test of this instrument, X-ray
diffraction by a powder sample of the antiferromagnet CoO is measured
below the Neel temperature. A field-dependent lattice distortion of CoO
due to magnetostriction is observed up to 38 T.
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
X-ray diffraction at 40 Tesla @ Spring 8
Experimental Setup:
Timing:
Powder Pattern at 20 T:
magnetic pulse 5.5 ms (40T max)
exposure
trigger
10 ms
1 ms
exposure
10 ms
1s
1s
Magneto-striction of Cobalt-Oxide
Delay 1.4 ms
J. Narumi et al., J. Synchrotron Rad. 13 271-274 (2006)
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
Fluorescence XAFS (BL01B1)

Dynamic range
Fluorescence XAFS spectra

Dead time：
0.10 ms @ multi bunches mode
Count loss： 10 % @ 1*106 cps/pixel
Dynamic range： (1*106)*(8*104 pixel)
～ 1*1011 cps/ total area



Pt-L3 XAFS at BL01B1
Sample: Pt foil
Measurement time: 120 sec



50
PILATUS 100K
Lytle detector
40
30
6
k3(k)
Measured photons (cps)
1.0x10
0.8
20
10
0
0.6
-10
4
0.4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-1
k (A )
0.2

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0x10
Incident photons (cps)
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
Future plan
6
PD07, Kobe

Depth dependence XAFS：
Grazing incident and position
dependent fluorescence
measurement
2007/6/28
X-ray reflectivity of liquid-liquid interface (BL37XU)

Reflectivity of liquid-liquid
interface



Rapid measurement

Absorption => week signal
Scattering => background


Reflection X-ray
Incident X-ray
Oil

Separation from strong scattered BG
Usual： point detector scanning
PILATUS： 2D measurement
Measurement time： less than 1/10
Reflection
Scattered X-ray
Water
Scattering
295
Reflectivity
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
-8
300
vertical
10
305
310
55
0.0
0.1
0.2
-1
0.3
0.4
65
horizontal

Qz (A )

60


H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
75
Reflection profile

Reflectivity of Hexane/Water interface
70
@ Qz = 0.4 (A-1)
Measurment time： 100 s
BL37XU @ 25 keV
2007/6/28
Pixel Detectors for Protein Crystallography
A major purpose of developing a large area pixel detector is for
macromolecular crystallography. The PILATUS-6M) has 2463  2527 pixels
covering 424 mm  435 mm with 5  12 modules.
X-ray Detector
Spot size:
- Beam size and divergence
- Mosaicity of the crystal
- Distance sample-detector
- Point spread function of detector
2q
Diffraction pattern
Diffracted beam
Crystal rotation
- 30-180 degree for complete data set
- Currently: Discrete rotation, integration
over certain rotation angle
- Fine -slicing with continuos
sample rotation
Resolution:
Crystallized
Protein
2d ×
sin(q ) = l
For d=l=1A 2q=60o
Beam
Beam
Energy: 5-17.5 keV
Intensity: >1012/s
Focal spot size: Adjustable to
>75 x 30mm2
Divergency: <375 x 70 µrad2
(FWHM)
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
o
Thaumatin (PDB code: 1LXZ)
M.W. 22188Da
Residues 207a.a.
Diffraction data
- reflect crystal symmetry group
- orientation of the crystal->
orientation matrix
4
- High dynamic range: >104 between strong and weak reflections
- Intensities need to be determined accurately (1%)
- Determination of amplitudes and phases leads
to electron density maps
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
PILATUS 6M Parameters
• 60 modules fully functional
• 3 billion transistors
• Module alignement: < 1 pixel
• Clock frequency 25 MHz (50 MHz final)
• Readout time: 6ms, (2.54 ms final)
• Image size 25 MB (32 bit)
• Frame rate 4 Hz continuous -> > 100 MB/s
on disk sustained (DAQ E. Eikenberry)
• Shutter synchronization via external trigger
input
• Exposure timing defined by PILATUS
detector
• Online corrections
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
Ferritin Protein Crystal
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
Insulin Protein Crystal
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
Decagonal AlIrOs Quasicrystal
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
Samson Phase
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
Summary and outlook
•
We have been developing the large area single photon counting pixel
detectors.
•
PILATUS-II 100K realizes a desired performance with a fast frame rate up to
200 Hz. It has wide application ranges, and several systems are already
distributed to other synchrotron radiation facilities.
•
PILATUS-6M detector with the 5  12 modules for protein crystallography has
been completed at SLS.
•
PILATUS-2M detector with the 3  8 modules for small angle scattering and
other applications is under development.
•
PILATUS-XFS project starts this yser.
 75 mm × 75 mm pixel, > 10,000 fps
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28
I would like to thank
A. Bergamaschi, Ch. Broennimann, R. Dinapoli, E.F. Eikenberry, B. Henrich,
M. Kobas, P. Kraft, M. Naef, H. Rickert, P. Salficky, B. Schmitt
PSI, SLS Detector Group, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
R. Horisberger, et al…
PSI, CMS-Pixel, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
M. Sato, M. Suzuki , H.Tanida
T. Uruga, et al...
JASRI, SPring-8, Japan
Jared Winton, Bryn Sobott
The University of Melbourne, Australia
H. Niko
University of Tokyo, SPring-8, Japan
H. Toyokawa @ JASRI/SPring-8
PD07, Kobe
2007/6/28