Transcript Nanotechnology - Seidenberg School of Computer Science and

Pace University
School of Computer Science & Information Systems
Emerging Information Technology II
Spring 2005
Nanotechnology
Carl Abrams
George Baker
Godfrey Cheng
Michael Homeyer
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Nanotechnology
Agenda - Nanotechnology

Introduction / Origins / Status

Current State of Technology

Manufacturing Processes

Commercial Activity

The Future
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Nanotechnology
Introduction / Origins / Status
7/17/2015
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Nanotechnology
NNI Definition of Nanotechnology
Research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular
levels, in the length scale of approximately 1 - 100 nanometer range,
to provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale
and to create and use structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and
functions because of their small and/or intermediate size.
Nanotechnology research and development includes manipulation under control of the
nanoscale structures and their integration into larger material components, systems and
architectures.
Within these larger scale assemblies, the control and construction of their structures
and components remains at the nanometer scale.
(National Nanotechnology Initiative)
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Nanotechnology
Nano - How big are we talking about?
Nanometers
A million
nanometers
Ten shoulder-to-shoulder
hydrogen atoms span 1
nanometer. DNA
molecules are about 2.5
nanometers wide.
The pinhead sized patch
of this thumb is a million
nanometers across.
Billions of
nanometers
A two meter tall male is
two billion nanometers.
Thousands of
nanometers
Biological cells have
diameters in the range of
thousands of nanometers.
Less than a
nanometer
Individual atoms are up
to a few tenths of a
nanometer in diameter.
A human hair is approximately 100,000 nm.
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Nanotechnology
Understanding Effects
Physical processes do not scale uniformly
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gravity
friction
combustion
electrostatic
van der Walls
brownian
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quantum
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Nano Timeline
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1905: Einstein published paper estimating diameter of a
sugar molecule as 1nanometer
1959: Richard Feynman’s famed talk
1981: Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) created
1985: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) invented
1993: Carbon Nanotubes discovered
1998: First Single-Electron Transistor created
2001: Nanowire ZnO laser
2002: Superlattice Nanowires
2004: Single-Electron Transistor with tiny mechanical
arm
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Nanotechnology
Richard Feynman, 1959
“The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not
speak against the possibility of maneuvering atom by
atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is
something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice,
it has not been done because we are too big.”
“The problems of chemistry and biology can be greatly
helped if our ability to see what we’re doing, and to do
things on an atomic level, is ultimately developed---a
development which I think cannot be avoided.
http://nano.xerox.com/nanotech/feynman.html
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology - Two Meanings
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Feynman’s vision of factories using nanomachines to build
complex products, including additional nanomachines.
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Ability to make large products with atomic precision, building them
with superior materials, cleanly at low cost.
Original vision for nanotechnology is termed molecular
manufacturing.
Products which have significant features less than 100
nanometers in size.
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Can describe anything with small features, ranging from fine
particles to thin coatings to large molecules.
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Nanotechnology
K. Eric Drexler
“Development of the ability to design protein
molecules will open a path to the fabrication of
devices to complex atomic specifications (1981)”
Engines of Creation (1985)
•
THE FOUNDATIONS OF FORESIGHT
• PROFILES OF THE POSSIBLE
• DANGERS AND HOPES
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Motivation towards Nanotechnology
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Device miniaturization by reducing their
physical sizes
Exploiting enhanced surface effects by
increased surface/volume ratio (e.g. catalysts)
Utilization of biological objects in inorganic
nanostructures for various sensors and novel
functions
Novel phenomena in low-dimensional
structures
Direct observation of physics laws in
nanostructures
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Nanotechnology
So who cares?
“The worldwide annual industrial production in the
nanotech sectors is estimated to exceed $1 trillion in
10 - 15 years from now, which would require about 2
million nanotechnology workers.”
(M.C. Roco Chair, WH/NSTC/Nanoscale Science, Engineering and
Technology Subcommittee (NSEC), and Senior Advisor, NSF)
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Where Are We?
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It’s NOT science fiction – it’s here today
Will affect almost everything over time
Initial impact will be subtle and gradual
R&D funding is unprecedented
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Spread across globe
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Academic, government and industrial
Patent filing exploding worldwide
Accelerated pace of development
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Advances in tools will speed acceleration
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Context – Nanotechnology in the World
Government investments 1997-2004
Note:
• U.S. begins FY in October, six month before EU & Japan in March/April
• U.S. does not have a commanding lead as it was for other S&T megatrends
(such as BIO, IT, space exploration, nuclear)
(Senate Briefing, May 24, 2001 (M.C. Roco), updated on October, 12, 2002)
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National Nanotechnology Initiative - Intentions
(Source: AIChE Journal, 2004, Vol. 50 (5), MC Roco)
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NNI - Where the Money Goes
Biosystems at the Nanoscale ~ 14%
 Biostructures, mimicry, bio-chips
Nanostructure ‘by Design’, Novel Phenomena 45%
 Physical, biological, electronic, optical, magnetic
Device and System Architecture 20%
 Interconnect, system integration, pathways
Environmental Processes 6 %
 Filtering, absorption, low energy, low waste
Multiscale and Multiphenomena Modeling 9 %
Manufacturing at the nanoscale 6%
Education and Social Implications (distributed)
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Key Technologies
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Nanomaterial
 Nanopowder
 Nanotubes
 Fullerenes
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Detection and diagnosis devices
 Nanopores
 Quantum
Dot
 Dendrimers
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Soft Lithography (Nano-imprinting, Dip-pen
Lithography)
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Patent Landscape
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Current State of Technology
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Highlights
Highlights of major accomplishments in past 15-20 years
Metrology: Measurements & images & motion can be controlled to 10 pico-meters. We can see what we’re doing.
Modeling: Software can now successfully model the dynamics of most molecular interactions under numerous static
and dynamic conditions. We can simulate what we want to build.
Manufacturing: Certain processes exist to actually fabricate nanostructures. We can build some of what we want to
build.
MEMS: Fabrication of micro-meter scale devices is routine. We can build much of what we want at larger scales.
Policy: There is a growing consensus of what nanotechnology is. We almost what we’re talking about.
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Tools & Techniques
Current foundation of research tools and techniques
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Microscopy
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Any technique for producing visible images of structures or details too small to otherwise be seen by the
human eye. In classical light microscopy, this involves passing light transmitted through or reflected from the
subject through a series of lenses, to be detected directly by the eye, imaged on a photographic plate or
captured digitally. Electron microscopes are used to magnify very small details using electrons instead of
light. Magnification levels of 500,000 times can be achieved with this technology.
Simulation
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Environments must be developed that can accommodate the corresponding problem complexity and nontraditional device characteristics to be explored in the nanotechnolgy space. 1
(1) Le, J., Pileggi, L., Devgan, A., “Circuit Simulation of Nanotechnology Devices with Non-monotonic I-V Characteristics”, IEEE, 2003
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Tools & Techniques (cont’d)
Current foundation of research tools and techniques
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Metrology
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Interferometry
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Simply put, metrology is the measurement of something, be it large or be it small.
The applied science of combining two or more input points of a particular data type, such as optical
measurements, to form a greater picture based on the combination of the two sources. 1
Crystallography
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The experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids. Crystallographic methods all
rely on the analysis of the diffraction patterns that emerge from a sample that is targeted by a beam of some
type. 2
(1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry
(2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography
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Microscopy
Current foundation of research tools and techniques
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Microscopy
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Acoustic / Ultrasonic
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
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Generally used to sample the surface height of a specimen at discrete positions
and forming a grid based upon the readings. The grid can be reviewed off-line as
a 3D surface. The AFM can actually be pushed down on the surface of the
specimen and modify it.
Transmission Electron Microcope (TEM)
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Produces a 3D-type image. This is useful for judging the surface of a structure.
Scanning Probe / Atomic Force (SPM / AFM)
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Sound waves are used to image samples, permitting a view beneath the surface
Electrons are used to produce a specimen image on a fluorescent screen or on film.
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Simulation
Current foundation of research tools and techniques
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Simulation
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Molecular modeling
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Varies from building and visualizing molecules to performing complex calculations on molecular
systems. Using molecular modeling scientists will be better able to design new and more potent
drugs. Molecular modeling not only has the potential to bring new drugs to the market, but a
vast array of new materials.
Quantum effect modeling
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The paradoxical influence of quantum mechanics dominates at the nano-level. In the weird
world of quantum mechanics, objects can exist simultaneously in mutually exclusive states, but
with a certain probability that one state or another will apply at a given moment. Measuring
quantum effects in real-world objects is an important steppingstone toward building quantum
computers. The ability for information to exist in multiple states at once is what would make a
quantum computer so powerful. 1
(1) http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/031120/quantum.shtml
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Metrology
Current foundation of research tools and techniques
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Metrology
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Film Thickness Testers
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The thickness of films can be routinely measured down to about 2 nm. A full spectrum of instruments is marketed
for thin film analysis.
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Thin file is important in micro and nano-scale electronics and nonlinear optics devices. Its characteristic properties
are high thermal stability, reliable mechanical strength, and low dielectric constant.
Wafer Inspection Tools
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Wafers must be inspected for level of contamination. Process improvement techniques have been introduced to
identify exactly where in the manufacturing process defects over acceptable limits are being introduced. 1
(1) http://www.future-fab.com/documents.asp?grID=216&d_ID=1250
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Nanotechnology
Interferometry
Current foundation of research tools and techniques
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Interferometry
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Optical
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Some optical phenomena depend on the quantum nature of light and as such some areas of
optics are also related to quantum mechanics. 1
X-ray
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uses the interference of two x-ray beams to precisely measure optical constants, or (by moving
components of the interferometer) to measure displacement with picometer precision. 2
(1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical
(2) http://physics.nist.gov/Divisions/Div842/Gp5/admd.htm
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Crystallography
Current foundation of research tools and techniques
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Crystallography
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X-ray
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An experimental technique that exploits the fact that X-rays are diffracted by crystals. It is not an imaging technique.
X-rays have the proper wavelength to be scattered by the electron cloud of an atom of comparable size. 1
X-ray crystallography remains the "gold standard" for structure determination. 2
(1) http://www-structure.llnl.gov/Xray/101index.html
(2) http://www.imm.org/Reports/Rep002.html#XrayPhase
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Nanotechnology
Recent Accomplishments
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Recursive NanoBox Processor Grid
Superfine Ink-Jet Printing
Drug Delivery
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Recursive NanoBox Processor Grid
Recent Accomplishments
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Nano devices less reliable than CMOS devices
Parallel computer system design
High accuracy rates
Low FIT (failure in time) rates
KleinOsowski, A.J., KleinOsowski, K., Rangarajan, V., “The RecursiveBox Processor Grid: A Reliable
System Architecture for Unreliable Nano Devices”, IEEE, 2004
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Superfine Ink-Jet Printing
Recent Accomplishments
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Produces dots less than 1 micron in size
Uses metal nano-particle paste
Printing of metallic wires a few microns in width
Pre-patterning of the substrate not necessary
Murata, K. “Super-fine ink-jet printing for nanotechnology”, IEEE, 2003
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Drug Delivery
Recent Accomplishments
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Side effects of conventional drugs
Nanoparticles are the ideal vehicle
AZT nanoparticle drug delivery system
Lobenberg, R., “Smart Materials: Applications of Nanotechnolgy in Drug Delivery and Drug Targeting”,
IEEE, 2003
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Manufacturing Processes
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The NNI Vision
“The essence of nanotechnolgoy is the
ability to work at the molecular level…to
create large structures with
fundamentally new molecular
organization”
Ref:” National Nanotechnology Initiative”: The Initiative and its
Implementation Plan”
http://www.nsf.gov/home/crssprgm/nano/nnl2.htm
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The NNI Goals
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First Generation: passive nanostructures in coatings,
nanoparticles, bulk materials (nano-structured metals,
polymers, ceramics): ~ 2001 –
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Second Generation: active nanostructures such as
transistors, amplifiers, actuators, adaptive structures: ~
2005 –
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Third Generation: 3D nanosystems with
heterogeneous nano-components and various
assembling techniques ~ 2010 –
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Fourth Generation: molecular nano-systems with
heterogeneous molecules, based on bio-mimetics and
new design ~ 2020 (?)
Source: AIChE Journal, 2004, Vol. 50 (5), MC Roco
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Nanotechnology
Nano Fabrication Approaches
Top-down Method(Today)
Creates nanostructures out of
macrostructures by breaking down
matter into more basic building blocks.
Frequently uses chemical or thermal
methods.
Bottom-up Method(Tomorrow)
Building complex systems by
combining simple atomic level
components through
self assembly of atoms or
molecules into nanostructures
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Nanotechnology
A Timeline for Molecular Manufacturing
Molecular
Traditional
2001
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DNA Templated Carbon Nano Tube Field
Effect Transistor Science vol 32 21 Nov 2003
2005
2010
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Nanotechnology
First Generation Nano Fabrication Example
Single Walled NanoTube
SWNT are grown by CO decomposition into C and CO2 at 700-950C
in a flow of pure CO at between 1-10atm of pressure
http://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/na
notube.html
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Other Contemporary Production Processes
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Vapor Deposition
Evaporization
Combustion
Thermal Plasma
Milling
Cavitation
Milling (Spin or Dip)
Thermal Spray
Electrodeposition
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Nanotechnology
Other Contemporary Production Processes
Technology
Description
Vapor Deposition
Deposition of material transferred from its source to the substrate
without changing its chemical composition, primarily a coating process
Evaporation
Heating a material in a vacuum until it melts and evaporates condensing on a
cooler surface
Combustion
Burning a material such that the products of its combustion condense on a
cooler surface.
Thermal Plasma
A plasma is an ionized gas comprised of molecules, atoms, ions (in their
ground or in various excited states), electrons, and photons.
Milling
Submicrometer particles are accelerated to bombard the surface of a
substrate. Primarily an etching porcess
Cavitation
The formation, growth, and implosive collapse of vapor bubbles in a liquid
created by fluctuations in fluid pressure A highly controllable tool for the
synthesis of nanostructured catalysts, ceramics, and piezoelectrics in
high phase purities.
Coating (Spin or Dip)
A means of inexpensively applying a thin film to a surface with high
precision. Material must be liquid. Does not require vacuum, heat
or other processes that can destroy material chemistry. Nano materials can be
grown during spinning
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Nanotechnology
Other Contemporary Production Processes
Technology
Description
Thermal Spray
Takes the source of energy such as inflammable and ionized gas, explosive
gas, electric energy Heats the powder of the thermal spray coating material
(metal, nonmetal, ceramics, ceramicmetal, plastic) Melts it or strongly blows
the particles
Electrodeposition
The deposition of a substance on an electrode by the action of electricity.
Primarily a coating process for materials that can withstand liquids and can be
electrically charged temperature and vacuum
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Nanotechnology
The 3rd/4th Generation Nanofactory
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Integrate large numbers of nanoscale chemical
fabrication units
Combine nanoscale pieces into large-scale
products
General-purpose manufacturing in a tabletop
format
Extremely advanced products with compact
functionality
Produce its own weight in hours; produce copies
of itself
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Nanotechnology
How Might it Work??
•mass < 1 kg (with a less hefty design than suggested by the above illustration)
•volume ~ 50 liters
•raw material input 2.5 kg/hr (chiefly acetone, oxygen from air)
•waste heat output 1.3 kW (air cooled)
•surplus power output 3.3 kW (from oxidation of surplus hydrogen)
•waste material output 1.5 kg/hr (chiefly water)
•product output 1 kg/hr (chiefly diamond)
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Nanotechnology
How Might it Work??
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a casing to protect its interior from air, moisture, and dirt
inlets for liquid feedstocks to supply molecules for processing
molecular sorting mechanisms to purify inputs
alignment and binding mechanisms to organize streams of molecules
mechanosynthetic devices to process inputs into reactive tools
mechanosynthetic devices to apply tools to workpieces
mill-style mechanisms to join workpieces into larger blocks
programmable mechanisms to join blocks into complex products
a port to deliver finished products while protecting the interior space
motors to drive moving parts
computers to control material flows and assembly mechanisms
stored data and programs to direct the computers
data communication channels to coordination actions
electrical systems to distribute power
a cooling system to dissipate waste heat
a structural framework to support the casing and internal components
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Nanotechnology
A Path to Implementation
The
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key concept is that of a “Fabricator”
A Fabricator is a nano-scale device that can combine individual
molecules into useful shapes
Fabricators build “pieces” that are passed to other fabricators to
be made into larger pieces (convergent assembly)
Fabricators
would make a small nano factories with a few
fabricators in it and then build a bigger one etc etc.
By simple scaling a nano factory could make a factory
twice its size in a day. In 60 days a desk top model would
exist
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A Path to Implementation (continued)
Inside
the factory, each fabricator would make a
nano block (200 nm on a side)
Assembly of nano-blocks by robotics through
commands and fasteners on the surface of the
blocks.
Continue until done
Output
: e.g. rolls of tough, flexible, high
efficiency solar cells to laptops with billions of
processors
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Commercial Activity
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Timeline for beginning of industrial
prototyping and commercialization
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1st Generation: Passive nanostructures ~ 2001
Ex: coatings, nanoparticles, nanostructured metals, polymers,
ceramics
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2nd Generation: Active nanostructures
~ 2005
Ex: transistors, amplifiers, targeted drugs, actuators, adaptive
structures
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3rd Generation: Systems of nanosystems ~ 2010
Ex: guided molecular assembling; 3D networking and new system
architectures, robotics, supramolecular
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4th Generation: Molecular nanosystems ~ 2020
Ex: molecules as devices/components ‘by design’, based on atomic
design, hierarchical emerging functions, evolutionary systems
Source: AIChE Journal, 2004, Vol. 50 (5), MC Roco
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Industry Surveys
Note:
http://www.nsf.gov/crssprgm/nano/reports/[email protected]
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Major Corporations in Nanotechnology
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How nanotechnology enable new
applications

As things approach the nanoscale, new properties emerge due
to size confinement, quantum phenomena, and coulomb
blockage. These new properties can be controlled to give us
materials with new applications. Specifically, nanotechnology
will permit control of the following
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Structural properties (e.g. strength and ductility)
Electrical properties
Magnetic properties
Catalytic properties
Thermal properties
Optical properties
Biocompatibility
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Nanotechnology
The Nanotechnology Space
Smart
Drugs
Information
Technology
Smart
Materials
Life Sciences
Materials
Biomaterials
Tools
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Nanotechnology
Nanoparticles enabled Applications
Richard Brotzman
Nanophase Technologies Corporation
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Materials and Industrial Chemistry
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Nanocomposites
Nanocrystals
Nanoparticles
Nanostructured Materials
Nanocatalysts
Nanofilters
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Nanotechnology
Nanocomposites
Nanomaterials often have different properties than their bulk-scale counterparts
- nanocrystalline copper is five times harder than ordinary copper
Nanocomposites are materials where the constituents are mixed on a nanometer scale
-A nanoscale dispersion of sheet-like inorganic silicate particles in a polymer matrix is superior to
either constituent in such properties as optical clarity, strength, stiffness, thermal stability, reduced
permeability, and flame retardency.
Types
-plastics
-foams
-aerogels
-powders
-membranes
-coatings
-films
-catalysts
-semiconductors
-magnets
-etc.
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Nanocomposites
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Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
developed process to make sponge-like silica
latch onto toxic metals in water. Used for lead or
mercury removal containment.
Plastic nanocomposite is used by GM and
Toyota. It is scratch-resistant, light-weight, rustproof and strong.
Electrically conductive polymer nanocomposite
material used to build military and commercial
aerospace components. It is highly electrically
conductive, yet remarkably flexible.
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Nanotechnology
Nanocomposite Coatings
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Wilson’s Double Core tennis balls have
nanocomposite coating for higher durability.
Nanoledge uses carbon nanotubes to make
tennis racket for strength.
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Nanocrystals
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Nanocrystals of various metals 2 to 4 times
harder than their bulk form. “Metal nanocrystals
might be incorporated into car bumpers, making
the parts stronger, or into aluminum, making it
more wear resistant. Metal nanocrystals might
be used to produce bearings that last longer
than their conventional counterparts, new types
of sensors and components for computers and
electronic hardware.”
http://news.uns.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/020816.Chandrasekar.nano.html
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Nanocrystals (cont.)
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Nanocrystals absorb and re-emit the light in
different color.
Nanocrystals absorb sunlight more strongly than
dye molecules.
Fluroescent nanocrystals are incredibly bright
and do not photodegrade.
Drug-conjugated nanocrystals attach to protein
which enable protein tracking.
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Nanoparticles
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Nano fibers used as stain-repellent on clothing.
Polymer dispersion products containing nano
polymer particles used in exterior paints,
coatings and adhesives.
Many vitamins and their precursors, such as
carotinoids, are insoluble in water. Formulated
as nanoparticles make them easily mixed with
water and increase their bio-availability in
human body.
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Nanoparticles (cont.)
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UV absorbers based on nanoparticulate zinc
oxide used in sun creams.
Aluminum nanoparticles are used in rocket
propellants that burn at double the rate.
Copper nanoparticles used in automotive
lubricant to reduce engine wear.
Nanoparticulate-based synthetic bone (calcium
and phoshpate nanoparticles) produced by
AngstroMedica.
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Nanostructured Materials
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Nanodyne makes a tungsten-carbide-cobalt
composite powder that is used to make a
sintered alloy as hard as diamond. Used to
make cutting tools, drill bits, armor plate and jet
engine parts, etc.
Kodak produced organic light emitting diodes
(OLED) color screens made of nanostructured
plymer films for thin, flexible and low power
consuming dislplays on cameras, PDAs, laptops,
TV, etc.
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Nanocatalysts
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Gel-based nanoscale catalyst is used to improve
efficiency and reduces the cost in the process of
liquifying coal and turning it into gas.
(Hydrocarbon Technologies)
Used in catalytic converters. Nano particle has
high surface to mass ratio.
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Nanotechnology
Nanofilters
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Nanofiltration products made of nano size
alumia fiber is capable of filtering the smallest of
particles. Useful for sterilization of biological,
pharmaceutical and medical serum, etc.
Air filters for NASA space flight that screen
viruses like SARS built by US Global
Nanospace, Inc. - TX
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Nanotechnology
Nano products in IT
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Nanotubes – tiny cylinders. In the presence of
an electrical current, nanotubes can be made to
fire off electrons. E.g. Samsung plans to use
nanotubes to build LCD display that would cost
less and use less power.
Nanoscale – Dip-pen Nanolithography, a new
approach for the fabrication of patterned
nanostructures such as electronic circuits.
Molecular Electronics – Nanowire interconnects.
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Nanotechnology
IBM Millipede
200,000,000,000 bits/inch2
10 nm
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Nanotechnology
IBM Millipede

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Nanomechanical approach for data storage
Built out of silicon with legs a few nanometers
across, rest on a polymer surface. When
stimulated with a pulse of electricity, it makes a
tiny dent. The device could record or read
information at 1 Gbps
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1000
Nanotechnology
All Microchips Will Be Nanoscale Devices
DRAM 1/2 pitch, 3-yr cycle
100
nm
DRAM 1/2 pitch, 2-yr cycle
MPU gate length
1000
100
10
nm
10
1
nm1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 2031 2035 2039 2043 2047
1
CONCLUSION: The semiconductor
industry
has a2019
large2023
effort2027
underway
producing
devices
1999 2003
2007already
2011 2015
2031 for
2035
2039 2043
2047
whose minimum design features are 100nm. It is only a matter of time before nearly all chips are nanotech
devices. Hence, there is substantial value in synchronizing the large research effort already funded by
industry & driven by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), with the large
research effort expected to be funded worldwide.
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Semiconductor Research Corporation
Nanotechnology
The Future
7/17/2015
68
Nanotechnology
The Future
Intel will be manufacturing devices by 2007 with feature sizes about 20 nanometers across.
A red blood cell is on the order of 10,000 nanometers across.
In 2 dimensions we could stack about 250,000 components in the same space as a red blood cell.
If the trends continue as far as 2017, which may be the end-point of “Moore’s Law” we could be looking at
a manufactured device the size of a red blood cell with 256,000,000 components.
If we add the third dimension, that could translate into 65,536,000,000,000,000
components.
Somewhere along the way, we’re talking about the raw technical capability to produce a rather
sophisticated robot small enough to wander around through your body doing whatever it has been
programmed to do.
If we make the robot 1/10,000th the volume of a red blood cell, we’re still talking about 655,360,000
components, which is arguably perhaps enough to embody this machine with the ability to think, move,
and do whatever we have programmed it to do.
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Nanotechnology
The Future – Fundamental Technologies Need

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Power Systems – allow machine to do something
Locomotion Systems – provide mobility
Control Systems – where to go, when to stop
Sensor Systems – where is it, how its going to get
from where it is to where it wants to be
Actuator Systems – something that actually does
something
Disposal Systems – if machine ever breaks, to get
rid of it
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Nanotechnology
The Future – Macro World Examples



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

Power Systems - batteries, thermoelectric, solar, steam,
adenosine triphosphate, brownian motors (dramatic
reduction in size and power consumption, + 60%)
Locomotion Systems – legs, wings, rockets, tails
Control Systems – micro processor, analog control, qubit
Sensor Systems – vision, chemical gradient, atomic force
Actuator Systems – erosion, genetic, assembler
Disposal Systems – taggant, biodegradation, scavenging
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Nanotechnology
The Future


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Computing (Kurzweil/Moore)
Life Sciences (Human vs. machine distinction?)
Manufacturing (Cost, Grey Goo/Blue Goo)
Aerospace and Defense (Smart Dust)
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Nanotechnology
BIG Future For NANO
“If nano research is the Mt. Everest, we have
barely reached the base camp!” (Charles Lieber)
“If Einstein were looking for a career path today,
His advisor would tell him to think small: nanotech,
Albert, nanotech” (Gary Stix)
“Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable
from magic.” (Arthur Clark)
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Nanotechnology
Question
Is nanotechnology a natural evolution of
technology or a disruptive technology (e.g.
Industrial revolution and computer revolution)?
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology – Class Readings
•
•
•
•
Feyman, Richard P., There’s Plenty of room at the
Bottom”, American Physical Society Annual Meeting,
Caltech, December 1959,
http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html.
Drexler, Eric, “Engines of Creation – The Coming Era of
Nanotechnology”, Chapter 1, Anchor Books,1986.
Storrs Hall, J., “Overview of Nanotechnology Overview”
Foresight Institute, 2001,
http://discuss.foresight.org/~pcm/nano/rutgers/FAQ.
Keiper,Adam,”The Nanotechnology Revolution”, The
New Atlantis – A Journal of Technology & Society,
Number 2, Summer 2003, pp. 17-34,
http://www.thenewatlantis.com/archive/2/keiper.htm.
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