Transcript Chapter 6

Chapter 6
Developing The
Periodic Table
Each element has its own symbol that begins with a capital
letter. Any other letters in the symbol are lower case.
Latin Names
Element
Symbol Latin Name
Sodium
Na
Natrium
Copper
Cu
Cuprum
Gold
Au
Aurum
Iron
Fe
Ferrum
Silver
Ag
Argentum
Lead (Pb)
“The Metal That Destroyed Rome”
• According to some
toxicologists “Lead
poisoning contributed
to the fall of Rome,”
Lead (Pb) Z = 82
• Plumbum (Pb)
• Plumber
The Lost Franklin Expedition
Its New, Its Canned, Its Poisoned
This old tin can was full of potatoes and
was part of the food supply on Sir John
Franklin's ships. Many of these tin cans,
discarded by the sailors, have been
found on Beechey Island. In those days,
cans were just starting to be used as a
means of preserving food. People did not
understand that the lead from the solder
seam would give a person lead
poisoning and could kill them. It is
believed that many of the men of the
Franklin Expedition died in this way.
Mendeleev
• In 1869, Dmitri
Mendeléev created the
first version of the
periodic table.
• He arranged the
elements in order of
increasing atomic mass
and grouped them by
similarity of properties.
• This allowed him to
predict the properties of
new elements.
o
o
Henry Moseley
• Developed method of
measuring the atomic
number of elements.
o
o
Henry Moseley
• Developed method of
measuring the atomic
number of elements.
• The Modern Periodic
Table is organized by
increasing atomic
number.
• Predicted the
existence of elements
43, 61, 72, and 75.
Gallipoli
Moseley
• At the age of 27, having volunteered to
serve in the British Army in WWI, Moseley
was killed by a sniper at Gallipoli.
• When WWI started, he volunteered for active
duty. At the time of his death, he was the
most promising physicist of his time.
“Ein schwerer Verlust”
“A heavy loss”
Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids
• The periodic table can be used to determine the
metallic/nonmetallic nature of an element.
Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids
Groups and Periods
• The vertical columns in the periodic table
are called groups.
• Rows in the periodic table are termed
periods.
• Elements with similar properties within the
periodic table are grouped into a family.
Families on the Periodic Table
• Columns in the periodic
table can be grouped into
families.
• Families may be one
column, or several
columns put together.
• Families have names
rather than numbers.
(Just like your family has
a common last name.)
Alkali
Metals
Alkali Metals
• 1st column on the periodic
table (Group 1) not including
hydrogen.
• Most reactive family of metals,
always combined with
something else in nature (table
salt).
• Low density metals (Li, Na and
K are less dense than water).
• that are soft enough to cut
with a knife.
Alkaline Earth Metals
Ca
Alkaline Earth Metals
• Second column on the periodic
table. (Group 2)
• Second most reactive family of
metals, always combined with
nonmetals in nature.
• All of the alkaline earth metals
are found in compound form
within the earth's crust.
• Several of these elements are
important mineral nutrients
(such as Mg and Ca).
Calcium and Magnesium
Two Important Minerals
Magnesium & Calcium are
essential minerals for your health
• Calcium
Found primarily in dairy foods such as milk, cheese and yogurt.
Your bones eagerly absorb and store calcium necessary for
your body's growth and maintenance until you reach your mid
20's. After that, your body rapidly uses up the calcium to help
keep your bones strong. Failure to get enough calcium can lead
to osteoporosis (holes in the bones), brittle and easily
breakable bones, and tooth loss.
• Magnesium
Magnesium is one of the most important minerals your body
needs, and fortunately, it can be found in many of the foods we
eat, including many fruits, vegetables and dairy products.
Failure to get enough magnesium can lead to muscle soreness,
heart and blood pressure problems, as well as nervous
disorders.
Magnesium Keeps the Doctor at Bay
By W. Gifford-Jones, M.D.
Special to The Epoch Times
Apr 24, 2006
Recently, a healthy 18-year-old
basketball player and healthconscious jogger died suddenly.
The initial diagnosis was death
from coronary artery disease due
to high blood cholesterol. But the
cause of death eventually proved
to be magnesium deficiency.
Transition Metals
• Elements in groups 3-12
• Less reactive harder
metals
• Includes metals used in
jewelry and construction.
• Metals used “as metal.”
Less reactive but can still react
Iron (Fe)
Rust (Fe2O3)
Oxygen Family or Chalcogens
• Elements in group 16
• Oxygen is the most
abundant element on earth
and it’s ability to react with
almost anything is what
drives the process of life.
• Sulfur and compounds
containing it smell horrible
(rotten eggs, garlic, skunks,
etc.).
• That is why many traditions
fill their hell with sulfur.
The historical name of
sulfur is brimstone.
Halogens
• Elements in group 17
• Most reactive of the
nonmetals.
• Always found combined with
other elements in nature.
• Have a strong unpleasant
odor and are poisonous
(have been used as
chemical weapons).
• In low doses can be used as
disinfectants (chlorine in
drinking water and in pools).
The Noble Gases
• Elements in group 18
• All are gases.
• Have a full outer energy
level.
• VERY non-reactive. They
are “noble” (they don’t
mix with the riff-raff).
• Are used to surround
materials that we want to
prevent from reacting.
The Octet Rule
• The octet rule states that an atom's outer
energy level is full and most stable when it
contains eight electrons.
• This stability is the reason that the noble
gases are so non-reactive.
• All noble gases other than helium follow
the octet rule.
Exception to the Octet Rule
The “Duet Rule”
• The first energy level can only hold two
electrons.
• Elements such as Hydrogen and Helium
that only have one energy level follow a
“duet rule”.
• The duet rule states that two electrons will
stabilize an atom with only one energy
level.
Rare Earth Elements
• The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and
actinide series.
• The rare earth elements are metals and many are not truly rare. It
was only hard to isolate them until recently .
• Uranium (element 92) is the last of the naturally occurring elements.
• Elements beyond uranium are “synthetic” (man-made). Synthetic
elements only occur on Earth as the product of atomic bombs or
experiments that involve nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.
Homework
• Chapter 6 – Worksheet 1