Transcript Document
Modern Electrical Power Production and Delivery Ralph E. Fehr, III, P.E. Consultant and Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering University of South Florida September 16, 2004 This Powerpoint slideshow is available on the USF Power website: http://web.tampabay.rr.com/usfpower/fehr.htm Nikola Tesla and the Induction Coil Thomas Edison and the Incandescent Lamp U.S Electricity Usage as a Percentage of Total Energy Usage 25,000 kWh / person 10 x 1012 kWh 70% 1500 – 2000 GW peak 60% 11,000 kWh / person 50% 40% 30% 20% 3 x 1012 kWh 750 GW peak ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES 1100 kWh / person 180 x 109 kWh RESIDENTIAL A/C COMMERCIAL HEATING INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION ENVIRONMENTAL APPLIANCES LIGHTING TRANSPORTATION MOTORS TV / COMPUTERS 40 GW peak 10% 1880 1940 YEAR 2000 2060 REVOLUTION EVOLUTION REVOLUTION ELEC & MECH ENGR R&D, MAT’LS, MFG, PWR ELECTRONICS ELEC & CIVIL ENGR R&D, PWR ELECTRONICS ELEC & MECH ENGR R&D, MAT’LS, PROCESSES, PWR ELECTRONICS Technology Leads To Product Development Transmission and Distribution Components Polymer Insulators (Suspension and Post) Transmission and Distribution Components ACSR Conductor (Aluminum Conductor, Steel-Reinforced) Transmission and Distribution Components High-Strength Poles (Tubular Steel and Spun Concrete) Transmission and Distribution Components Zinc Oxide Varistor Surge Arresters Transmission and Distribution Components High-Phase-Order (6-phase and 12-phase) Transmission Lines Transmission and Distribution Components Fiber-Optic Communication Systems Transmission and Distribution Components Microprocessor-Based Protective Relays Transmission and Distribution Components IGC's 6 Megajoule, 750 kVA IPQ-750 AC Micro-SMES Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems Power Generation Components Static Excitation Systems Power Generation Components Distributed Control Systems Power Generation Components Soft Starters and Adjustable Frequency Drives for AC Motor Control Power Generation Components High-Temperature Superconducting Generators High-Power Semiconductor Devices Ratings up to 8500 volts and 12,000 amperes and increasing every year Common Devices Diodes Thyristors Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) Gate Turn-Off Thyristors (GTOs) Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) Integrated-Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCTs) High-Power Semiconductor Applications Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSCs) Static Compensators (STATCOMs) Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Static VAR Compensators (SVCs) 230kV SVC Reliability Availability Typically at least 99.99% (excluding major storm outages) 52.5 minutes/year of outage time May be ok for today, but must improve in the future. Voltage Control Steady State = ±5% normally (ANSI Range A) = ±10% during contingencies (ANSI Range B) Transient per ITIC Chart (next slide) Harmonic Mitigation Voltage THD = 5% (V 69 kV) = 2.5% (69 kV < V < 161 kV) = 1% (V 161 kV) Current THD = 5% to 20% (depending on ratio of short circuit availability to load current) ITIC Curve ANSI Range B FRIENDS Flexible, Reliable and Intelligent Electrical eNergy Delivery Systems Power system A Power lines DC Network Power system B Normally OPEN FRIENDS NW Protector Solid-state Switch to Utility Branch, Substations, nearly QCCs. H.V.Bus DESS Tr. QCC Protector DG Tr. L.V.Bus DESS QCC Ｇ Filter UPS Computer QCC can control demand side. Ordinary DC & High Power Customers Super Premium Ｇ DESS DG FRIENDS Quality Control Center (QCC) Outage Restoration after a Major Disaster Widespread Power System Devastation Worse at the Lower (Distribution) Voltages Higher-voltage (transmission) circuits are more durable and less susceptable to wind and tree problems. A utility system has many more circuit-miles of distribution than transmission; therefore, the distribution system has a much greater “exposure.”