Transcript File - (EPEA)

The Programme for Education in Prisons
Developing Training Programmes for Qualified Teachers to
Teach in Prisons
113991-CP-1-2004-1-MT-GRUNDTVIG-G11
ASSERTIVENESS
Assertivity is well-balanced self-enforcement
To manage such behaviour human must have
well-balanced and adequate self-confidence
Self-confidence is evaluation of own capabilities,
skills and competence.
When it is suitable act assertively
 when someone wants to manipulate us into a situation or
role we do not agree with
 when our demands are competent
 when we want to find solution advantageous for both sides
 when we definitely know what we want and do not want
Positives of ASSERTIVENESS

develops well-balanced self-confidence

supports self-respect

supports decisiveness

improves inter-personal relations

prevents conflicts

is not manipulative
Negatives of ASSERTIVENESS

can look like arrogance

can harm self-confidence of other persons

can look like manipulation

can be understood like manifestation of disrespect

is not suitable in every situation
Assertively acting human

knows to say what he/she thinks of, wishes, how to
realize the best solution of a problem

knows both to speak and listen

respects partner as intelligent human being that can
have good ideas, maybe better him-/herself

has positive attitude to compromise and to change of
own opinion
Assertively acting human

respects both him-/herself and the others and therefore
does not allow to be manipulated

knows to speak still, without tension of feeling of guilt

is relaxed and knows how to create peaceful and
friendly environment

is not narrow-minded

for him/her success means success and failure means
failure
Presumption of theory of ASSERTIVENESS :
Human has three basic possibilities how to manage
problem situations:
to act passively
to act aggressively
to act assertively
Assertive rights
You have the right to judge your own behaviour, ideas and
emotions and to responsible for their consequences.
You have the right not to excuse your behaviour.
You have the right to decide whether and to what extent you
are responsible for solving problems of the other people.
You have the right to change your mind.
You have the right to fail and to be responsible for this.
Assertive rights
You have the right to say: „I do not know„.
You have the right to make also illogical decision.
You have the right to be independent on good will of the
others.
You have the right to say „I do not understand you".
You have the right to say „I do not care".
You have the right to decide whether will be assertive or not.
Techniques of ASSERTIVENESS

response through feedback

assertive NO

„broken desk" demand for kindness

consent /„open door"/

negative questioning

negative assertivity

assertive obligation
Signs of nonverbal communication
PASSIVITY - voice

sometimes uncertain

usually monotonous

yielding

often boring

sometimes melodious
Signs of nonverbal communication
AGGRESSIVITY – voice
very firm,
sarcastic,
victorious tone,
calm, strict,
vigorous
laconic
ascending at the end
often shriek
Signs of nonverbal communication
ASSERTIVENESS - voice

still and settled

middle tone

kind, friendly

middle intensity

clear
Signs of nonverbal communication
PASSIVITY – way of speaking

hesitating,

frequent pauses
 frequent changes of
rhythm

slightly coughing
 occasional stutter
Signs of nonverbal communication
AGGRESSIVENESS – way of speaking
fluent
sometimes pause
quick tempo
sometimes laconic
very often stringent
excessive stress on certain words
Signs of nonverbal communication
ASSERTIVENESS – way of speaking

fluent

still

no hesitation

regular tempo

stress on key words
Signs of nonverbal communication
PASSIVITY – face

stiff smile

frequent changes

lifted eyebrow

waiting for rebuke
Signs of nonverbal communication
AGGRESSIVENESS – face
sour smile
often gloomy
face-play
teeth set
Signs of nonverbal communication
ASSERTIVENESS – face

corresponds with emotions

smile while delighted

frown while displeased

generally still
Signs of nonverbal communication
PASSIVITY – eye view

evasive

not face to face
Signs of nonverbal communication
AGGRESSIVENESS – eye view
fixed
effort to perplex
Signs of nonverbal communication
ASSERTIVENESS – eye view

still

consistent
Signs of nonverbal communication
PASSIVITY – gestures

huddled

recedes

frequent auto-touches

hides mouth

nervous movements (scuffs, clamp, twisting, etc.)
Signs of nonverbal communication
AGGRESSIVENESS – gestures
pointing
tapping on table
forward bend
noisy
Signs of nonverbal communication
ASSERTIVENESS – gestures

free

relaxed sitting

head upright

corresponding with emotions
Verbal signs of behaviour
AGGRESSIVENESS
•
prevailing statements like „I“, „my“
•
opinion proposed as facts
•
threatening questions
•
demands in form of directions and threats
•
frequent argumentation through suppositions
•
sarcasm and irony
•
accusations
Verbal signs of behaviour
PASSIVITY
•
long, discontinuous, often egocentric statements
•
supplemental words „perhaps“
•
Excuses
•
begging for permission to speak
•
very few sentences singular (starting with „I“ or „we“)
•
sentences minimizing own needs
• „degrades“ him-/herself through statements like „I am
terrible“
Verbal signs of behaviour
ASSERTIVENESS
•
brief, clear, factual statements
•
statements in singular like „I would like“
•
differentiation of opinions and facts
•
proposals are not suggestions
•
no statements like: „you should“
•
constructive criticism without accusations and
suppositions
•
effort to discover opinion and wishes of the other party
Web links
http://tbsd-eq.wz.cz/asertivita/index.php; www.asertivita.cz
http://holy.cz/kontext/asertivita.htm
http://holy.cz/kontext/asertivita.htm
http://cs.wikibooks.org/wiki/Asertivita
http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asertivita
http://www.ivvs.cz/index.php?head=straz&page=specialkurzy
English web pages:
http://www.mentalhelp.net/
http://www.couns.uiuc.edu/Brochures/assertiv.htm
Literature
 Recommended literature:
 Capponi,V.;Novák,T.: Asertivně do života. Praha: Grada Publishing, 1994
 O´Brienová,P.: Pozitivní řízení. Asertivita pro managery. Praha,
Management Press, 1996
 Křivohlavý,J.: Tajemství úspěšného jednání. Praha, Grada publishing,
1995
 Berne, E.: Jak si lidí hrají. Praha, Svoboda 1970
Capponi, V., Novák. T.: Jak se prosadit - asertivně do života. Praha,
Svoboda 1992
Gruber, D.: Zlatá kniha komunikace. Ostrava, Repronis 2005
Hermochová, S.: Sociálně psychologický výcvik, Praha, SPN 1995
Honzák, R., Novotná, V.: Jak se dobře cítit mezi lidmi. Praha, Grada 1999
Kolman, L., Špalíková, M.: Vést a být veden. Praha, TES 1985
Křivohlavý, J.: Jak si navzájem lépe porozumíme. Praha, Svoboda 1988
Mezihorský, Š.: Asertivita. Brno, Elfa 1991
Vojáček, K.: Autogenní trénink. Praha, Avicenum 1988
Literature
Literature in Slovak language:
Honzák, R., Novotná, V.: Jako sa dobře cítiť medzi luďmi.
Bratislava, SPN 1988
Svobodová, M.: K niektorým otázkam tréninku asertivity. In:
Metody aktivního sociálního učení. Brno 1985
Literature in English language:
Cavood, D.: Assertiveness for Managers. Learning Effective for
Managing People. Seattle, Self Counsel Press, Inc. 1983
Cotller, S. B., Guerra, J. J.: Assertion Training, Champsing, III.
Research Press 1980. New York, Pergamon Press 1987
Fensterheim, H., Bear, J.: Don’t say yes, when you want to say no.
London, A Future Bock 1976
Model situation
Through personal experience can be tested:

how complicated can be communicate effectively in
certain situation,

how to endure waiting (breaks in work),

to what extent we are able to manage aggressiveness
(self-control),

to what extent we are able to respond surprise
(creativity),

to what extent we are able to apply assertive approach
while solving a problem
Model situation
Meaning of the training
 To realize that there are situations unsolvable neither
through passive nor aggressive acting.
 Assertive behaviour provides wider space to manoeuvre
and to apply effective communication.
Discussion
Try to express your opinion whether assertivity is suitable
when role teacher-pupil (prisoner) is strictly specified.
Try to describe whether you felt anger and
aggressiveness.
How did you evaluate teacher as format authority during
assumed inadequate conflict behaviour?
Video recording
It is possible to watch manifestations of participant
from the point of view of both verbal and nonverbal
communication
Demonstration of passivity, aggressiveness,
ASSERTIVENESS
During projection participants and observers can
compare feelings and experience with recorded reality
Summary
Goal of this educational module:
To provide knowledge, skills and habits
while applying assertive approach at work
group of prisoners