Transcript Environmental science

Environmental Science
环境学(双语)
Nanjing Agricultural University
Prof. Ge Ying
My background
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Came back from Canada and joined
Nanjing Agricultural University in 2005.
“Congratulations! This will be an
interesting challenge for you.”
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My background (留学)
M.Sc. and Ph.D.
from McGill Univ.,
Montreal, Canada
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Macdonald学院一角
Contact information
Office: 综合楼 B-229
Tel: 84396406
Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
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Objectives of this course
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To understand basic principles and concepts
(基本原理和概念) in environmental science
To learn about the origin and development
of environmental problems (环境问题的产生
和发展) and behavior of environmental
pollutants (污染物的行为)
To familiarize the technologies for pollution
control (污染控制技术)
To practice English and participate in the
class, and…
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Participation in
environmental protection
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Text book & reference book
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教材：鞠美庭主编，环境学基础 化学
工业出版社，2004.
参考书：William P. Cunningham and
Mary Ann Cunningham, Principles of
Environmental Science. The McGraw-Hill
Companies, 2002.
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马占青等编著，环境科学专业英语教
程，清华大学出版社，2005.
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Content of this Course
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Introduction (绪论；3学时/Prof. Ge)
Population and environment (人口与环境；
3学时/Prof. Ge)
Energy and environment (能源与环境；6
学时/Prof. Ge)
Air pollution (大气污染；9学时/Prof. Ge)
Sustainable development (可持续发展；3
学时/Prof. Ge)
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Content of this Course
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Water pollution (水污染；9学时/Prof.
Zong)
Soil pollution (土壤污染；12学时/Prof.
Zong)
Noise and solid waste pollution (噪声污
染和固体废弃物；6学时/专题交流)
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WWW
 WHAT (是什么)
concepts of environmental science
 WHY (为什么)
principles of environmental issues
 HOW (怎样做)
approaches and practices
考核方式与要求
 闭卷考试 65％
 专题交流 15％ PowerPoint
 平时成绩 20％
Environmental Science
幸运 100'
在下列描述中说出这是哪一门科学？
诞生于60年代
一门新兴科学
介于自然科学、社会科学和技术科学之间
研究人类—环境系统
环境科学
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Environmental Science
夺标 1000'
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根据提示联想：（专业术语之一）
Human
Resources
1987
“Our Common Future”
Sustainable development
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Environment
Key concept
“影响人类生存和发展的各种天然的和经过人工改造的自
然因素的总体” 《中华人民共和国环境保护法》
“以人类为主体的外部世界的总体，可分为自然环境和人
工环境” 教材第1章、第5页
English version: page 5 of the textbook
page 1 of the reference book
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Key concept
Environmental Science
研究人类活动和环境质量关系的科学
Environmental science
connects with different
subjects.
with agriculture, chemistry, biology
and earth science: earth’s resources
with philosophy, social science,
politics and law: human motivations
and group behaviors
with economics, engineering, physics
and computer science: mathematical
models
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蓝藻: 水华
Blue algal bloom
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水体富营养化
Eutrophication
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水草疯长
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Environmental elements
(环境要素) Key concept
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构成人类环境整体的各个独立
的、性质不同而又服从整体演
化规律的基本物质组分，分为
自然和人工环境要素
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Environmental elements
(自然环境要素) Key concept
生物圈
岩石圈
大气圈
水圈
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Environmental elements
Air pollution
(大气污染)
大气圈
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Environmental elements
Water pollution
(水污染)
水圈
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Environmental elements
Soil pollution
(土壤污染)
岩石圈(包括土壤圈)
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Key concept
Environmental problems
全球环境或区域环境中出现的不利
于人类生存和发展的各种现象。
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Air Pollution
Global climate change
Stratospheric ozone
depletion
Urban air pollution
Acid deposition
Outdoor pollutants
Indoor pollutants
Noise
Biodiversity Depletion
• Habitat destruction
• Habitat degradation
• Extinction
Major
Environmental
Problems
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Water Pollution
Nutrient overload
Toxic chemicals
Infectious agents
Oxygen depletion
Pesticides
Oil spills
Excess heat
Waste Production
• Solid waste
• Hazardous waste
Food Supply Problems
• Overgrazing
• Farmland loss
and degradation
• Wetlands loss
and degradation
• Overfishing
• Coastal pollution
• Soil erosion
• Soil salinization
• Soil waterlogging
• Water shortages
• Groundwater depletion
• Loss of biodiversity
• Poor nutrition
Major causes for
environmental problems
• Rapid population growth
• Over-consumption (过度消费) of resources
• Destruction of forests, wetlands (湿地)
• Toxic waste mismanagement (管理不善)
• Poverty (贫困)
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How are the problems
connected?
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A starting point: a three-factor model
The environmental impact (I) depends
on 3 key factors:
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Number of people (P)
Average resource use per person (A)
Beneficial and harmful environmental
effects of the technologies (T)
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Developing Countries
The three-factor
model
X
X
=
Population (P)
Population (P)
×
X
Consumption
Technological
per person × impact per unit of
Consumption
Technological impact per
(affluence,
consumption (T)
per person A)X
unit of consumption (T) =
(affluence, A)
affluence: 富裕
X
Developed Countries
consumption: 消费
X
=
=
Environmental
Environmental
impact (I)
impact of population (I)
Developing Countries
X
Population (P)
X
X
Developed Countries
X
Consumption
per person
(affluence, A)
=
Technological impact per
unit of consumption (T)
X
X
=
=
Environmental
impact (I)
Developing Countries
X
Population (P)
X
X
Developed Countries
X
Consumption
per person
(affluence, A)
=
Technological impact per
unit of consumption (T)
X
X
=
=
Environmental
impact (I)
The 3-factor model can:
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Help us understand how key
environmental problems are connected
Guide us in seeking solutions to these
problems.
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Pollution
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Key concept
Any addition to air, water, soil or food
that threatens the health, survival, or
activities of humans or other living
organisms.
G.T. Miller, Jr. Living in the environment. 13rd edition,
Brooks/Cole, 2004
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中文解释：教材第1章、第10页
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Pollution
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Types of pollutant sources
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Point sources (点源污染): where pollutants
come from single, identifiable sources.
Examples?
Nonpoint sources (面源污染): where
pollutants come from dispersed (分散的)
sources. Examples?
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NONPOINT SOURCES
Rural homes
Cropland
Urban streets
Animal feedlot
Suburban
development
POINT
SOURCES
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Factory
Harm caused by pollution
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Disruption of life-support systems
(environment) for humans and other
species
Damage to wildlife, human health, and
property
Nuisances (令人厌恶的事物) such as noise
and unpleasant smells, tastes, and sights
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Questions
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How do we know if there is a pollution
problem?
If so, how serious is the problem?
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What happened to the frog?
Deformed frogs: extra legs
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Use plants to detect pollution
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松花江水体污染（案例1）
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环境标准
Environmental standards
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我国《地表水环境质量标准
》（GB 3838-2002）中，生
活饮用水硝基苯限值为
0.017mg/L
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环境监测
Environmental monitoring
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对污染带流经河段每50公里设置一
个移动跟踪监测断面，监测断面覆
盖了整个污染带。
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环境监测
Environmental monitoring
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运用气相色谱仪等设备，检测水中硝基
苯和苯的含量。
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Environmental Research: an
undergraduate course for 2nd year
student in School of Environment,
McGill University.
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环境评价
Environmental assessment
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Example: a super-hospital project in
Canada （案例2）
Background of this project
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An urban site (城区土地) was chosen for
building a new large hospital in Montreal.
The soil contained heavy metals (重金属)
due to the industrial activities.
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Question: Is it wise and safe to
have a hospital at this location?
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What we have done?
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Sampled at various points in this site (土
壤取样)
Analyzed metal content in each soil
sample (重金属含量测定)
Assessed the bioavailability of heavy
metals (重金属生物有效性分析)
Evaluate the soil quality of site (土壤质量
评价)
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Publication
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Impact of this study (影响)
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The super-hospital project was
approved based on the work made by
us and other research teams.
Save money (choosing a safe site);
save lives (building a hospital)
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Solutions to pollution
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Pollution prevention or input pollution
control --- Prevent it from reaching the
environment
Five Rs to prevent or reduce pollution:
refuse, replace, reduce, reuse and recycle
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Solutions to pollution
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Pollution cleanup or output pollution
control
There are several problems with relying
primarily on pollution cleanup:
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Effects are only a temporary
Move pollutants from one place to other
High cost to reduce pollution
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Glossary (词汇表)
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Environment (环境)
Environmental science (环境科学)
Environmental elements (环境要素)
Environmental problems (环境问题)
Environmental pollution (环境污染)
Environmental monitoring (环境监测)
Environmental assessment (环境评价)
Environmental standards (环境标准)
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Summary and Review
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环境、环境要素、环境问题的概念
产生环境问题的原因
环境污染概念、类型及事例
环境污染的判断方法
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认真学习环境学基础知识和技能
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Learning goal
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Understand how our world works
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Understand what are we doing to it
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Understand what can we do to protect
and improve it
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