Transcript Post-Classical India and the Indian Ocean Basin

INDIA AND THE
INDIAN OCEAN
BASIN
THE POST-CLASSICAL
WORLDS OF SOUTH AND
SOUTH-EAST ASIA
THE MONSOON WORLD
Center of Indian world shifts to Deccan
Problems with the monsoons
– Rains in spring and summer
– Droughts and dry weather fall and winter
Irrigation systems were needed for dry months
– No big river in south India
– Waterworks included dams, reservoirs, canals, wells
• Stored rain in large reservoirs connected to canals
• One reservoir of the eleventh century covered 250 square miles
Population growth
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Very effective agriculture
53 million in 600 C.E.
105 million in 1500 C.E.
Urbanization
• New capital: Delhi
• Large port cities
INDIA UNTIL ISLAM
After Guptan fall: many competing states, dynasties
– Competing dynasties led by Kshatriyas
– Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism all flourished in beginning
– Hinduism vigorously supported and replaced Buddhism, Jainism
Harsha Vardhana
– Temporarily reunited Northern India 606 – 647 CE
– Buddhist ruler whose state did not last long after his death
Gurjara Pratihara Empire 6th – 11th century
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Similar role in India to Charlemagne
Kept Muslim invaders out of most of South India
Reunited much of old Guptan Empire
Revived Hindu culture, learning
The Rajputs
– Indo-European Hindu warrior clans who migrated into South Asia
– Their rule responsible for growth of Hinduism over Buddhism
– Established many competing states
Center of power, culture shifts south to the Deccan
BETWEEN
GUPTAS
AND
ISLAM
ISLAM ENTERS INDIA
Islam Arrives
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Arab merchants had been trading in India for centuries
Merchants often married local women and raised Muslim families
Malabar Coast (pepper, cloth) were favorite destination
First mosque built in India around 629 CE
Introduction of Islam to northern India
– The Sind were conquered by Arab Muslims in 711
– Incorporated into the Umayyad Caliphate
– Local Hindu states held off Muslim advance into India
10th Century saw influx of Turks and Islam
– Most Turks convert to Islam and filter into region
– Mahmud of Ghazni 11th century
• Turkish leader in Afghanistan, established a Muslim state
• Conducted eleven expeditions to northern India
– Muhammad of Ghor 12th century
• Successfully invaded Indus-Ganges plain
• Successfully laid foundation for the Sultate of Delhi
al-Buruni, 972 – 1048
– Persian Muslim scholar from Central Asia
– Writings on India made Muslims aware of India
– Muslims gradually declared Hindus to be Dhimmi
SULTANATE OF DELHI
The Sultanate of Delhi
– Existed 1206-1526 C.E.
– Numerous Turkish, Afghan Dynasties
Its Creation
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Mahmud's successors conquered north India, 1206
Called a Mameluk Sultanate as Turkish slaves formed aristocracy
Established an Islamic state known as the sultanate of Delhi
Nominally under Caliph’s authority but realistically independent
Sultans' authority did not extend far beyond the capital at Delhi
Generally tolerated non-Muslims as dhimmi if paid the head (jizya) tax
Economics
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Introduced Monetary System at the province and district level
Built market centers in provinces to facilitate trade
Taxation on agriculture important
Introduced new crops and dug wells to increase production
Decline
– Mongols and later Timur the Lame invaded, weakened
– Fell to Mughals in 1520s
SULTANATE
OF DELHI:
MUSLIMS
IN INDIA
SOUTHERN
INDIA
The Chola kingdom
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Mentioned 3rd c. BCE, 850-1267 C.E.
Politically divided but relatively peaceful
Was a larger kingdom; ruled Coromandel coast
At high point, conquered Ceylon, parts of southeast Asia
Dominated waters from South China Sea to Arabian Sea
Not a tightly centralized state: local autonomy was strong
Strongly commercial and great prosperity
Patronized Tamil Literature, Hinduism, temple building
The kingdom of Vijayanagar (1336-1565 C.E.)
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Arose as a federation of states to impose Muslim invasions
Strong administration with bureaucracy, secretariat, scribes, local feudal lords
Caste system rigidly followed but all castes could participate in government
Army was feudal but had an elite component under king including artillery
Strong supporter of trade, commerce but agriculture critical
Strong supporter of Hinduism, art, architecture, literature
CHOLA EMPIRE
VIJAYANAGAR
TRADE, DEVELOPMENT
IN SOUTHERN INDIA
Internal trade
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Self-sufficient in staple food
Agriculture formed basis of strong economy
Cash crops of cotton, spices, medicinal crops
Rare metals, finished products, cottons, textiles
South India, Ceylon experienced economic growth
Temples and society in south India
– Hindu temples served as economic, social centers
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Possessed large tracts of land
Hundreds of employees
Temple administrators maintain order, deliver taxes
Served as banks; engaged in business ventures
– Strong commercial jatis of vasiaya, shudra castes
• Wealthy entrepreneurs who support temples
• Many had great influence in running Hindu states
TRADE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN
Ships Involved in Trade
– Dwows – Arabic in origin
– Junks – Chinese in origin
Indian port cities
– Called emporia
– Were clearinghouses of trade, cosmopolitan centers
Indians, Arabs, Chinese divided region into zones
– One ethnic group controlled trade in each region
– Exchanged goods at emporia, entrepot cities for other regional goods
Trade goods
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Silk and porcelain from China
Spices from southeast Asia
Pepper, gems, pearls, and cotton from India
Incense and horses from Arabia and southwest Asia
Gold, ivory, and slaves from east Africa
Rice, wood were only staple goods traded
Specialized production
– Production of high-quality cotton textiles thrived
– Sugar, leather, stone, carpets, iron and steel
INDIAN OCEAN TRADE
CLOTH
YARN
SILKS
INDIGO
PEPPER
GEMS
ANIMALS
DRUGS
COFFEE
SLAVES
IVORY
HORSES
SILKS
GOLD
STEEL
SILVER
LACQUER
SILK
PORCELAIN
SUGAR
LUXERIES
TEA
SPICES
TIMBER
RICE
MEDICINES
DEVELOPMENT OF HINDUISM
Religious geography in India
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Hinduism predominated in southern India (Deccan)
Islam in the north (Ganges-Indus River Plain)
Buddhism in Ceylon, foothills of the Eastern Himalayas
Tribal religions in the hills of Eastern India
Caste helped to integrate immigrants into Indian society
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Caste and social change: guilds and subcastes (jatis)
Expansion of caste system, especially to southern India, Southeast Asia
Vishnu and Shiva (Brahma)
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Decline of Buddhism benefited Hinduism
Development of Trimurti
Devotional cults
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Achieve mystic union with gods as way of salvation
Most popular were devotion to Vishnu and Shiva
Shankara
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Philosopher (ninth century)
Preferred disciplined logical reasoning
Ramanuja
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Philosopher (eleventh and twelfth centuries)
Devotion more important than understand reality
RELIGION IN SOUTH ASIA
Conversion to Islam occurred in slow, gradual way
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Some converted for improving their lower social statuses
Often an entire caste or subcaste adopted Islam en masse
By 1500, about 25 million Indian Muslims (1/4 of population)
Sufis
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Most effective missionaries, devotional approach to Islam
Followers observed old rituals, venerate old spirits
Emphasized piety and devotion
The bhakti movement
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No distinction between Hinduism, Islam
Taught universal love, devotion
Guru Kabir (1440-1518)
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Important bhakti teacher
Shiva, Vishnu, Allah were one deity
Gave rise to Sikhism
SOUTHEAST ASIAN GEOGRAPHY
AGRICULTURE IN S.E. ASIA
ETHNIC MAP
SOUTHEAST
ASIA
EARLY SOUTHEAST ASIA
Indian influence in southeast Asia
– Indian merchants brought their faiths to southeast Asia
– Hinduism and Buddhism established first
– Islam began to arrive with merchants, Sufis after 1000 CE
Ruling elites of southeast Asia
– Adapted some Indian political traditions
• Ruling patterns – the Devaraja state
• Brahmins, Kshatriyas as bureaucrats
– The states sponsored Hinduism and later Buddhism
– Showed no interest in Indian caste system
Funan (first to sixth century C.E.)
– In lower Mekong River (Cambodia/Vietnam)
• Semi-feudal government
• Much local autonomy
– Drew enormous wealth by controlling trade
• Adopted mercantilism as state philosophy
• Established commercial monopolies
– Adopted Sanskrit as official language
– Decline of Funan in sixth century
POST-CLASSICAL S.E. ASIA
Champa (2nd – 15th centuries C.E.)
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Local Cham peoples created states
Related to Malayo-Polynesian peoples
Converted to Hinduism, adopted Sanskrit
Traded heavily with all states, merchants in area
Restricted by Khmer, later conquered by Vietnam
Srivijaya (670-1025 C.E.)
– Established on Sumatra after the fall of Funan
– Maintained sea trade between China, India by navy
– Relied heavily on taxation, regulation of trade
Khmer Empire (889-1431 C.E.)
– Kingdom built by Khmers (Cambodians)
• Capitals Angkor Thom (Buddhism), Angkor Wat (Hinduism)
• Cities were microcosmic reflections of world order
• Famous for architecture and water technologies
– Immense wealth built on agriculture, rice surpluses
– Centralized rule only near capital, feudal in farthest reaches
– Turned to Buddhism during the twelfth, thirteenth centuries
• Originally Mahayana Buddhist
• Later Theravada introduced from Sri Lanka
– Thais invaded the capital in 1431, and Khmers abandoned it
KHMER
EMPIRE
ANGKOR WAT
MIGRATIONS
Vietnamese
– Viet people arose south of Yangzi River
• Related to Austroesian (Malayo-Polynesian) peoples
• Likely domesticated rice, water buffalo, water fowl, pig
• Skilled navigators with maritime technologies
– Came under Chinese influence around 5th century BCE
• Moved to Red River to escape Chinese control in 3rd century
• 111 BCE Han China conquered region, assimilated of elite
• Resistance began 40 CE with Trung sisters revolt
– Independence gained following collapse of Tang Dynasty
• Sinified elite practiced Confucianism, Buddhism ruled over countryside
• Extremely efficient state system which pushed further south into peninsula
Thai (Tai-shan)
– Thai peoples originated in Western China
• Began to migrated into region and settled Chao Praya valley
• Came under political influence of Khmer Empire
• Established states and city-states in China, Chao Praya area
– Came into early contact with Indian cultures
• Adopted Buddhism
• Adopted Sanskrit and royal naming system of Indians
• Protected, encouraged trade between India and China
– Sukhothai Kingdom becomes independent 1238 CE
– Ayutthaya replaced Sukhothai in 14th century
• Creation of Thai writing, adoption of Theravada Buddhism
• Successfully challenged Khmer authority throughout region
RISE OF TWO STATES
ARRIVAL OF ISLAM
Muslim arrived in Sumatra
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Merchants came to trade for spices
Converted ruling elites in Aceh
Many benefits of working with merchants
Established strong contacts to India
Conversion to Islam was slow
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Conversion restricted to cities
Rural residents retained their traditions
Islam was not an exclusive faith in southeast Asia
Sufis appealed to a large public in these countries
Strong syncretism and retention of Hinduism, animism elements
Insistence on strict Islam was ignored, resisted
Melaka was first powerful Islamic state
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On Straits of Melacca
Replaced Srivijaya, Palembang as trade centers
Power based on controlling trade in 15th century
Destroyed, occupied by Portuguese