Transcript INDIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN BASIN

INDIA AND THE
INDIAN OCEAN
BASIN
THE POST-CLASSICAL
WORLDS OF SOUTH AND
SOUTH-EAST ASIA
THE MONSOON WORLD
The monsoons (rains in spring and summer)
Irrigation systems were needed for dry months
– No big river in south India
– Waterworks included dams, reservoirs, canals, wells
• Stored rain in large reservoirs connected to canals
• One reservoir of the eleventh century covered 250 square miles
Population growth
– 53 million in 600 C.E.
– 105 million in 1500 C.E.
– Urbanization
• New capital: Delhi
• Large port cities
NORTHERN INDIA
North India after the Guptas
– India reverted to regional states
– Constant tension and warfare among states
– Nomadic Huns absorbed into Indian society
Harsha
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Reigned 606-648 C.E.
Great general and good administrator
United region becoming emperor at 16
Great patron of Buddhist religion, literature but supported all faiths
An extensive writer whose reign was heavily documented by Chinese
Introduction of Islam to northern India
– The Sind were conquered by Arab Muslims in 711 (Umayyad period)
– Muslim merchants formed communities in major cities of coastal India
Turkish migrants and Islam
– Most Turks convert to Islam in tenth century
– Mahmud of Ghazn
• Turkish leader in Afghanistan, established a Muslim state there
• Made expeditions to northern India
SULTANATE OF DELHI
The Sultanate of Delhi
– Existed 1206-1526 C.E.
– Numerous Turkish, Afghan Dynasties
Its Creation
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Mahmud's successors conquered north India, 1206
Called a Mameluk Sultanate as Turkish slaves formed aristocracy
Established an Islamic state known as the sultanate of Delhi
Nominally under Caliph’s authority but realistically independent
Sultans' authority did not extend far beyond the capital at Delhi
Generally tolerated non-Muslims as dhimmi if paid the head (jizya) tax
Economics
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Introduced Monetary System at the province and district level
Built market centers in provinces to facilitate trade
Taxation on agriculture important
Introduced new crops and dug wells to increase production
Decline
– Mongols and later Timur the Lame invaded, weakened
– Fell to Mughals in 1520s
SULTANATE
OF DELHI:
MUSLIMS
IN INDIA
SOUTHERN
INDIA
The Chola kingdom
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Mentioned 3rd c. BCE, 850-1267 C.E.
Politically divided but relatively peaceful
Was a larger kingdom; ruled Coromandel coast
At high point, conquered Ceylon, parts of southeast Asia
Dominated waters from South China Sea to Arabian Sea
Not a tightly centralized state: local autonomy was strong
Strongly commercial and great prosperity
Patronized Tamil Literature, Hinduism, temple building
The kingdom of Vijayanagar (1336-1565 C.E.)
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Arose as a federation of states to impose Muslim invasions
Strong administration with bureaucracy, secretariat, scribes, local feudal lords
Caste system rigidly followed but all castes could participate in government
Army was feudal but had an elite component under king including artillery
Strong supporter of trade, commerce but agriculture critical
Strong supporter of Hinduism, art, architecture, literature
CHOLA EMPIRE
VIJAYANAGAR
TRADE, DEVELOPMENT
IN SOUTHERN INDIA
Internal trade
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Self-sufficient in staple food
Agriculture formed basis of strong economy
Rare metals, spices, special crops
South India, Ceylon experienced economic growth
Temples and society in south India
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Hindu temples served as economic, social centers
Possessed large tracts of land
Hundreds of employees
Temple administrators maintain order, deliver taxes
Served as banks; engaged in business ventures
TRADE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN
Ships Involved in Trade
– Dwows – Arabic in origin
– Junks – Chinese in origin
Indian port cities
– Called emporia
– Were clearinghouses of trade, cosmopolitan centers
Indians, Arabs, Chinese divided region into zones
– One ethnic group controlled trade in each region
– Exchanged goods at emporia, entrepot cities for other regional goods
Trade goods
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Silk and porcelain from China
Spices from southeast Asia
Pepper, gems, pearls, and cotton from India
Incense and horses from Arabia and southwest Asia
Gold, ivory, and slaves from east Africa
Rice, wood were only staple goods traded
Specialized production
– Production of high-quality cotton textiles thrived
– Sugar, leather, stone, carpets, iron and steel
INDIAN OCEAN TRADE
CLOTH
YARN
SILKS
INDIGO
PEPPER
GEMS
ANIMALS
DRUGS
COFFEE
SLAVES
IVORY
HORSES
SILKS
GOLD
STEEL
SILVER
LACQUER
SILK
PORCELAIN
SUGAR
LUXERIES
TEA
SPICES
TIMBER
RICE
MEDICINES
DEVELOPMENT OF HINDUISM
Religious geography in India
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Hinduism predominated in southern India (Deccan)
Islam in the north (Ganges-Indus River Plain)
Buddhism in Ceylon, foothills of the Eastern Himalayas
Tribal religions in the hills of Eastern India
Caste helped to integrate immigrants into Indian society
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Caste and social change: guilds and subcastes (jatis)
Expansion of caste system, especially to southern India, Southeast Asia
Vishnu and Shiva (Brahma)
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Decline of Buddhism benefited Hinduism
Development of Trimurti
Devotional cults
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Achieve mystic union with gods as way of salvation
Most popular were devotion to Vishnu and Shiva
Shankara
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Philosopher (ninth century)
Preferred disciplined logical reasoning
Ramanuja
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Philosopher (eleventh and twelfth centuries)
Devotion more important than understand reality
ISLAM IN SOUTH ASIA
Conversion to Islam occurred in slow, gradual way
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Some converted for improving their lower social statuses
Often an entire caste or subcaste adopted Islam en masse
By 1500, about 25 million Indian Muslims (1/4 of population)
Sufis
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Most effective missionaries, devotional approach to Islam
Followers observed old rituals, venerate old spirits
Emphasized piety and devotion
The bhakti movement
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No distinction between Hinduism, Islam
Taught universal love, devotion
Guru Kabir (1440-1518)
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Important bhakti teacher
Shiva, Vishnu, Allah were one deity
Gave rise to Sikhism
S.E. ASIAN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
ETHNIC MAP
SOUTHEAST
ASIA
AGRICULTURE IN S.E. ASIA
EARLY SOUTHEAST ASIA
Indian influence in southeast Asia
– Indian merchants brought their faiths to southeast Asia
– Hinduism and Buddhism established first
– Islam began to arrive with merchants, Sufis after 1000 CE
Ruling elites of southeast Asia
– Adapted some Indian political traditions
• Ruling patterns
• Uses Indians as bureaucrats
– The states sponsored Hinduism and later Buddhism
– Showed no interest in Indian caste system
Funan (first to sixth century C.E.)
– In lower Mekong River (Cambodia/Vietnam)
• Semi-feudal government
• Much local autonomy
– Drew enormous wealth by controlling trade
• Adopted mercantilism as state philosophy
• Established commercial monopolies
– Adopted Sanskrit as official language
– Decline of Funan in sixth century
POST-CLASSICAL S.E. ASIA
Srivijaya (670-1025 C.E.)
– Established on Sumatra after the fall of Funan
– Maintained sea trade between China, India by navy
– Relied heavily on taxation, regulation of trade
Angkor (889-1431 C.E.)
– Kingdom built by Khmers (Cambodians)
• Two capitals Angkor Thom (Buddhism), Angkor Wat (Hinduism)
• The city was a microcosmic reflection of Hindu world order
• Famous for architecture and water technologies
– Immense wealth built on agriculture, rice surpluses
– Centralized rule only near capital, feudal in farthest reaches
– Turned to Buddhism during the twelfth, thirteenth centuries
• Originally Mahayana Buddhist
• Later Theravada introduced from Sri Lanka
– Thais invaded the capital in 1431, and Khmers abandoned it
SRIVIJAVA:
Hindu and Buddhist Blends
KHMER
EMPIRE
ANGKOR WAT
ARRIVAL OF ISLAM
Muslim merchants arrived in Sumatra
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Converted ruling elites in Aceh
Many benefits of working with merchants
Established strong contacts to India
Conversion to Islam was slow and quiet
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Conversion restricted to cities
Rural residents retained their traditions
Islam was not an exclusive faith in southeast Asia
Sufis appealed to a large public in these countries
Strong syncretism and retention of Hinduism, animism elements
Insistence on strict Islam was ignored, resisted
Melaka was first powerful Islamic state
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On Straits of Melacca
Power based on controlling trade in 15th century
Destroyed by Portuguese