Transcript File
10.2 ISLAM EXPANDS Mr. Marijanovich 10.2 Objectives Describe how Muhammad’s successors spread Islam. List conflicts within the Umayyad state. Explain how rivalries split Islam. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam Muhammad did not name a successor or instruct Muslims how to name a successor Muslims followed tribal customs and decided on… Abu-Bakr, Muhammad’s close friend First caliph after Muhammad died Caliph means “successor” Rightly Guided Caliphs Four Rightly Guided Abu-Bakr Umar Uthman Ali Used the Quran and Muhammad’s example to lead Their rule was called a “caliphate” TIME OUT #1 TURN TO THE PERSON NEXT TO YOU! - TELL THEM THE DEFINITION OF THE WORD “CALIPH” - Where did the Caliphates get an example to lead? Write it down here… Rightly Guided cont. Abu-Bakr pledged to uphold Muhammad’s teachings Many Muslims left the religion after his death Others claimed to be prophets themselves Abu-Bakr invoked “jihad” “Jihad”= inner struggle against evil; striving; armed struggle against unbelievers Abu-Bakr used this to expand the empire EXPANSION Under Abu-Bakr = all of Arabia Under Umar = Syria and Lower Egypt Under Uthman & Ali = Atlantic Ocean to Indus River EXPANSION cont. Muslims saw success as a sign from God to continue their mission Armies Expertly trained Well disciplined Persecuted people of the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires welcomed invaders (This helped Muslims succeed) TREATMENT OF CONQUERED PEOPLES Non-Muslims in the Islamic empire were allowed to follow their own religion BUT THEY HAD TO Pay a tax for not being Muslim Pay a tax to be exempt from the military Jews and Christians in conquered lands were not allowed to spread their faith, but could be officials and scholars. INTERNAL CONFLICT Uthman was murdered Disagreement over who was to succeed him: Ali - cousin and son-in-law of the prophet Or Muawiya - governor of Damascus Ali won but was later murdered, and the elective system died with him. Move to Empires The Umayyad family took over after Ali’s murder Moved Muslim capital to Damascus, Syria Centralized location Others felt it was too far and wasteful Division in the Muslim community grew Sunni-Shi’a Split Some resisted Umayyad rule and believed the leadership should be in the family of the prophet = Shi’a (“party” of Ali) Those who went along with the Umayyad = Sunni (followers of Muhammad’s example) Sufi’s = rejected the luxurious life of the Ummayads Pursued faith a life of poverty and devotion to TIME OUT #2 TURN TO A PARTNER TO DISCUSS AND THEN WRITE DOWN: DESCRIBE THE REASON WHY THE 3 DIFFERENT PARTIES SPLIT… ABBASID DYNASTY Umayyad’s were overthrown in 750 A.D. Taken over by Abbasid Dynasty Killed all remaining Umayyads but one escaped Set up the Umayyad Dynasty in Spain Spain was previously conquered by the Berbers of North Africa ABBASID CASTLE IN BAGHDAD, IRAQ ABBASID DYNASTY (750-1258) Capital = Baghdad, Iraq Easier to control empire and trade routes Strong bureaucracy Income = they taxed land, imports and exports, and non-Muslim’s wealth Too difficult to control the empire Smaller empires (e.g. Fatimid) arose Fatimid Caliphate It was an independent Muslim state that sprang up during the Abbasid rule Formed by Shi’a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima Began in North Africa and spread out across the Red Sea to western Arabia and Syria Muslim Trade Network Engaged in land and sea trade Banks opened in many cities throughout the empire Single language and single currency made trade easier The word “check” and the concept of a check was invented during this time. (from “sakks”) Huge Muslim cities and trade gave birth to achievements in the arts and sciences (Sec. 10.3)