Transcript Mary-Kate

General
What is Architecture?
2
• Architecture- the construction of buildings or
monuments that may define a specific time
• examples: buildings, gardens, tombs
• Often influenced by religion, culture, or rulers
• Traditional style-reflects the past
• Contemporary styles-reflection of the present
• Architecture can serve as a timeline, reflecting
the styles of design and construction through
the ages
S
41-42
Features
Mosques
2
• The mosque was the main building for
religious gathering in Islam
• There were three movements of mosque
construction, each slightly different from its
successor
• The original mosque was built in Islamic areas
from Spain to central Asia
• Flat-roofed room for religious practice
• Often had a courtyard
P
43
Features
Mosques—continued
2
• The second format for the construction of
mosques emerged in the 1000s
• Balconies on at least two sides
• An open courtyard (no roof)
• Found mainly in Egypt and Turkey
• This style eventually spread eastward to India
and Pakistan
P
43
Features
Mosques—continued
2
• With the expansion of the Ottoman empire,
the third style of mosques emerged
• Began in the 1400s
• Courtyard and a place for prayer that was
covered by a dome
• Found from the Balkan mountains to Saudi
Arabia
P
43
Features
Domes
2
• Represented the place in which they were built through
their different styles
• Example 1: Malmuk style domes are constructed with a
distinct shape and patterned surfaces—commonly linked to
Egyptian-Arabic times
• Malmuk domes have been used in U.S. architecture,
perhaps a symbol of Egyptian influence
• Originated in the 1300s and 1400s
• Example 2: the Timurid dynasty dome was made with high
sides that curved slightly under themselves using glazed tile
• Became known in the beginning of the 14th century (1300s)
and used across the Arab empire
• Used in famous buildings of future ages like the Taj Mahal
(built in the 1600s)
P
43
Features
Minarets
2
• Also reflections of a period of time, place, or
dynasty in which Islam was present
• Main structure: a tall, cylindrical tower hat
capped out—found in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran
• The Ottoman Empire used a taller and more
tapered minaret that was a symbol of
Ottoman Islam—used from the 1400s to the
1900s
P
43
Famous Architects
Mimar Koca Sinan
2
• “During his 50-year career, Sinan built or
supervised more than 300 structures in
Istanbul alone, including mosques, palaces,
tombs, schools, and hospitals”
Q
43
Features
Grave Markers
2
• Tombstones were a popular memorial for the
dead and buried
• Started being used in the 600s in Egypt
• Masonry screens served as enclosures for
graves
• Mausoleum-a small building that housed a
dead body, was the most ornate grave marker
• In Islam, mausoleums were made with domes
and built from different materials
P
44
Features
Bathhouses
2
• A place for people to cleanse themselves
• Often found near mosques so that people had
easy access to a place to clean before prayer
• After the 1800s, bathhouses were not built
near mosques
• Had changing rooms, hot and warm chambers
and a domed steam room that used steam
from hot water passing through pipes
• Men and women shared a facility but bathed
at different times
P
44
Features
Commercial Buildings
2
• Caravansaies-used for lodging (temporary—
like a hotel) or storage, two stories, with a
stable for animals on floor one and lodging on
floor two
• covered marketplaces-a gated area that sold
fancy goods rather than basic groceries
• Precious metals, silks, and jewels could be
bought in markets
P
44
Features
Houses
2
• Had 2 sections: public and private functional
rooms
• Men used the public rooms
• Women and children occupied the private
room(s) and sometimes had their own door
into the house
• In less wealthy homes, a curtain or partition
split the men and women’s rooms
P
44
Style/Technique
Contemporary Islamic Architecture
2
• Professional architects started replacing the
master builders that were once the head of
Islamic construction in the 1800s
• Western architects began constructing Islaminspired buildings in Europe
• These architects began to migrate to Islamic
countries where they continued to use their
Islamic style in their work
• The example set by western architects influenced
the increase in Muslim architects in traditional
Islamic countries
S
44
Style/Technique
Influence of the West
2
• The spread of Western architects to Islamic
countries largely influenced Islamic
architecture in the 1800s and 1900s
• Ex: French control of Morocco during the
1920s resulted in spread of Western-Islamic
architecture to the traditional-Islamic styles of
Africa. It also lead to the construction and
development of Moroccan cities.
S
45
Style/Technique
Development of Local Architecture in Islamic Countries
2
• Conflation of European and traditional Islamic
styles in the 1900s created unique styles for
Islamic countries like Turkey and Egypt
• Islamic architecture grew in popularity
• Architects opened schools for traditional and
stylized Islamic architecture
• By the 1980s, architectural magazines and
awards with money prizes up to 500k were a
large part of Islam’s design community
S
45
Style/Technique
New Building Types and Styles
2
• New buildings (airports, banks, colleges, etc.) have
been constructed using Islamic archiutecture in
addition to the traditional mosques and minarets that
defined this style
• National mosques have been built in the midst of
modern movements
• The West’s colonial period, classical and neoRenissance styles were incorporated into traditional
methods
• The ride of the Modernist style in the 1950s gave focus
to “technology over tradition”
• This movement faded as the core sentiment of Islam
and focus on simplicity regained importance
S
45
Features
Gardens
2
• Though gardens have become less important and
nonexistent in large cities, at one time they were
a defining factor of Islamic landscape
• Pools and narrow channels lining pathways were
a significant factor of landscape
• Linear style-a rectangular garden with two
parallel pathways running the length or the
garden
• Cross-axial style-a rectangular garden with two
perpendicular pathways that intersected at the
center of the garden
P
46
General
History of the Mosque
8
• After Muhammad’s death came expansion of
Islam
• The growth of the Islamic population created a
pressing demand for a place of worship
• First mosques were influenced by churches and
temples
• Muhammad’s house was also inspiration for the
layout of early mosques
• A simple design with the necessary feature of the
mosque was established and used in construction
S
1
Style/Technique
Recognizable Elements of Mosques
8
• Designs using calligraphy or arabesque (a form
of Arabic decoration)
• Domes
• High ceilings
• Minarets (often large, had unique features
that were specific to the mosque)
• Columns, arches, and massive structures were
the focal points of many Islamic buildings
S
2
Famous Buildings
Modern Islamic Architecture
8
• “Modern Islamic architecture has recently been
taken on to a whole new level with buildings
being erected such as the Burj Dubai, which is
soon to be the world’s tallest building. The Burj
Dubai’s design is derived from the patterning
systems embodied in Islamic architecture”
• Note: the Burj Dubai, more commonly known as
the Burj Khalifa (http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/), was
completed on October 1, 2009 and officially
opened on January 4, 2010
Q
8