Transcript Qur`an - UW Canvas

Ottoman (Arabic) Calligraphy
From the Himalayas to the
Pyrenees in 100 years
"Six Articles of Faith." to be a
Muslim one must believe in:
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One God;
The angels of God;
The books of God, especially the Qur'an;
The prophets of God, especially
Muhammad;
The Day of Judgment (or the afterlife);
and
The supremacy of God's will (or
predestination).
Sources of Belief
The Qur'an is the Moslem
Bible, next in importance
is the Hadith, which
refers to collections of
traditions about what
Muhammad said, what he
taught, and what he did.
These collections are also
called Sunna or
"tradition"; hence the
term Sunni Muslims, or
"traditional" Muslims.
In the ninth century a
number of Islamic
scholars undertook
the task of sifting the
genuine traditions
from the spurious and
of gathering the
former in written
collections. In Sunni
Islam six of these
collections in
particular are
considered sahih
("reliable").
Hadith
MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS OF
ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS LAW
Key developers of Hadith in Sunni law: Al-Bakhari (810870); Abu Dawud (817-888); Al-Tirmidhi (824-222); AnNasa’i (830-915), Ibn Majah (824-886)
Shi’a legal scholars: al-Kulayni (died 940); Shaykh Saduq
(923-991); al-Tusi-Ali (995-1067)
Many scholars declared that in the 9th century doors of
Ijtihad had closed and scholars had spoken
The Prophet Mohamed (PBUH)
himself said:
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Attack in the name of God, but do not
revert to treachery
do not kill a child, neither kill a woman
do not wish to confront the enemy
Rules of Jihad were codified by the first Caliph,
AbuBakr, considered authoritative for all Sunnis
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do not carry grudges
do not deceive
do not mutilate
do not kill children
do not kill the elderly
do not kill women
do not cut down fruit-bearing trees
You will come upon monks (Christian), leave
them to what they have dedicated their lives
Moslem Conquest of Europe Beginning in
711 AD and Ending in 1492 AD
The End of an
Era
Andalucía late 1300’s
and finally the fall of
Granada in 1492.
Tarifa, Granada,Cordoba and
Malaga
16th Century Islamic Empires
This long period of Western colonization left many areas of the Middle East
more secularized than any point in its history (especially with secular Western
“puppet” leaders imposed on Egypt & Iran), setting the stage for a major
resurgence of Islamic theocracy in the 1970s.
During the 1980s, Soviet Russia took over the central Asian Muslim nations
(Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, & Kyrgyzstan) & drew arbitrary/artificial
borders around them, creating civil unrest between Muslims.
The U.S. backed the Afghan Mujahedeen against Russia in the 1980s; supplied
arms to both Iraq and Iran in their 1980s war; invaded Iraq in the 1990s &
again in 2001; ousted the Iraqi government in 2002 & set up secular Western
political & economic prototype systems.
Declaration of the World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews the
Crusaders
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1. For more than seven years the US is Islam’s
holiest territories, humiliating its people and using
its bases to fight against Islamic peoples
2. In Iraq destruction has been inflicted at the
hands of the Crusader-Jewish alliance ..humiliating
their neighbors
3. While the US has economic and religious
purposes, they also serve the petty sate of the
Jews, by diverting attention away from their
occupation and killing of Moslems
There is no better proof than the eagerness to
destroy Iraq, and dismember Saudi Arabia, Egypt
and Sudan into petty states, to ensure the survival
of Israel
Fatwa: “to kill Americans and their allies, both civil
and military, is and individual duty of every
Moslem who is able, in any country…….”
Enter “The Terrorist” former
Mujahadeen
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Bin Laden is a salafi
fundamentalist, with an
adherence to religious
dogma that is influenced by
Sheikh Tayamiyya which is
anti-Western and “infidel”.
Bin Laden was expelled
from Saudi Arabia in 1991
because of his antigovernment activities. He
eventually wound up in The
Sudan, where he worked
with Egyptian radical groups
in exile.
What are al-Qaeda’s origins?
Al-Qaeda grew out of the originally
CIA sponsored Services Office, a
clearinghouse for the international
Muslim brigade opposed to the
1979 Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan. In the 1980s, the
Services Office—run by bin Laden
and the Palestinian religious
scholar Abdullah Azzam,
recruited, trained, and financed
thousands of foreign mujahadeen,
or holy warriors, from more than
fifty countries. Bin Laden wanted
these fighters to continue the "holy
war" beyond Afghanistan. He
formed al-Qaeda around 1988.
Muslim religious & military leaders are
currently split over the issue of whether
martyr by suicide is an acceptable tactic
of jihad.
“Those Muslim scholars who have given a
justification for these acts have argued
that they are a legitimate form of
warfare specifically against the
overwhelming military superiority of
what they see as the oppressors. A
strong majority opinion among scholars
on this question has been achieved
only in the case of Palestinian attacks
on Israel.”
Sheikh Ibn Taymiyya
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Born in what is now Syria 1263
Followed strictest Hanbali code of Shariah
Proclaimed Mujtahid to “break the shackles” of Taqlid
Condemed Sufi: Ibn al-Arabi, a heretic and polytheist
Proclaimed in true Islam the amir must govern w/ imam
Revived the literalist view of Jihad: declared the hadith of the
prophet’s division of Jihad to be inauthentic_ by contradicting
the Quran 2:193 and 8:39
Defined Jihad as unrelenting struggle against all who stood in
the way of Islam’s destiny.
Ibn Taymiyya: worldview of Four
Types
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Infidels: with some rights e.g. Christians
Infidel “Moslems”: those who had reverted to
infidel habits (Judaism)– to be fought and if they
refused to return to the fold killed
Declared “Moslems” who did not follow Islamic
rituals – killed without mercy.
Heretics ‘Moslems” who rejected Islam while
claiming to belong to it – killed no mrcy under
any circumstances
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
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Founder of Wahabism
Influenced by ideas of salafi Sheikh Taymiyya
Called new theology: Ad Dawa lil Tawhid “ The Call to Unity”
Main Work: Kitab al-tawhid: “The book of Unity”
There is but one interpretation of the Quran - his: all else is
bidat
One course for true believer: 1) swear absolute loyalty to
their religious leader 2) follow his teaching in every aspect 3)
hate and join in the armed jihad against apostates and
infidels.
1740 fled the judiciary in Huraylmila and went to Uyainah
where he was asked to leave, then in 1744 won suppor tof
local chief: Muhammad ibn Saud
Boko Haram
The full Arabic name refers to adherents of holy
war. Members are committed to enforcing an
Islamic state or caliphate in Nigeria. In line with
strict sharia, their leader, Abubakar Shekau,
asserted: "In Islam, it is allowed to take infidel
women as slaves." Most of the girls abducted from
their boarding school in Chibok village, Borno
State, were Christian. They were forcibly allegedly
converted to Islam and made to wear hijabs that
cover the whole body. Shekau has offered to trade
the hostages, some only nine-years-old, for
Islamists currently in prison.
Al-Ustadh Mahmoud Mohamed Taha
“The age-old dream of the
human caravan is not to send
astronauts in their orbit into
outer space.. it is to send its
individuals - every single
individual in his (or her) orbit
of self-realization. It is high
time that this dream be thus
reinterpreted. It is also the
sacred duty of every man and
woman to help intelligently
reorientate human endeavor
towards the culmination of this
pilgrimage.”
General Quranic Verses
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Holy Quran: (2:256). There is no
compulsion in religion
Holy Quran: (5:48). If God had so willed,
he would have made you a single People,
but (his plan is) to test you in what He
hath given you [i.e., specific revelation]
Holy
Quran in Medina
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Quran: (9:73; 66:9). O Prophet! Strive hard
(jahid) against the Unbelievers and the
Hypocrites, and be firm against them; Their
abode is Hell; an evil refuge indeed Quran:
(9:73; 66:9).
Quran: (9:5). But when the forbidden months
are past, then fight and slay the Pagans
wherever [you] find them, and seize them,
beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every
stratagem (of war)
Al Ustadh Mahmoud
Al-Ustaz and other intellectuals who
agreed with his criticism formed the
Republican Party in October of 1945.
Their first publication and subsequent
pamphlets and leaflets reflected a strong
modernist Islamic orientation which, at
the time, was not yet fully developed.
The party’s policy of direct and open
confrontation with the colonial
authorities led to the arrest and
subsequent imprisonment of Al-Ustaz
Mahmoud in 1946.
The Women’s Section
Mahmoud M. Taha: The Woman’s Opening, Al-Jamhoriya Newspaper: Jan.15,
1954
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“This is the Woman’s Section, through which
readers should sense the need to bow down for
it deals with the most critical issue on earth. The
woman on earth is like the heart in the body; if
good then all the body is good and if bad, all is
bad. A woman in a true civilized society
deserves higher priority than a man, if it was
possible to prioritize the two. That is because
she influences him more than he affects her,
though his arrogance may lead him to think
otherwise. “
“My work is my daughters”
The superior state can only be reached
through a two-fold approach:
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The good society and a scientific methodology
adopted by individuals in order to liberate themselves
from fear; the former is based on three equalities:
Economic – known as socialism today – or the sharing of
wealth
Political- known as democracy today- or sharing in
political decisions that affect one’s daily life
Social- to some extent resulting from socialism and
democracy – characterized by a lack of social classes
and discrimination based on color, faith, race, or sex.fundamental criterion is that marriage is possible
between any man and any woman.
Poor non-Moslem amputee
Eternally Evolving Monotheism
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“The meaning that we receive through monotheism in
collaboration with language is that the revelation of the
Quran has been completed … between the two covers of
the Holy Book, has been completed on earth. Heaven
was joined with earth for all time. There have been,
since the time of Adam, descending portions of the
Quran which were in accordance with the levels of the
nations and the levels of the Prophets and Apostles. You
can even say that the Torah is a phase of the Quran
revealed to Moses, the Bible is a phase of the Quran
revealed to Jesus, and the Quran has been revealed to
Muhammad.. We said that the explanation of the Quran
is from God—this explanation is eternal and does not
end…”
Cross amputee
Shiites Believe
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Ali, a cousin of the prophet,was his first true successor.
There own version of the Sunna (traditional law of
Islam), with only minor differences;
the clergy are empowered to intervene between God
and humans, whereas among the Sunni, the relationship
with God is direct and the clergy serve as advisers.
the historic imams were spiritually unique because they
were descendants of Ali and, therefore, of Muhammad
prominent in Iran, the Lebanon, and Indo-Pakistan, and
are also found in Iraq and Bahrain.
Is martyrdom by suicide an
acceptable tactic of jihad.
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Muslim scholars who
have given a justification
for these acts have
argued that they are a
legitimate form of
warfare specifically
against the overwhelming
military superiority of the
oppressors. A strong
majority opinion among
scholars has been
achieved only in the case
of Palestinian attacks on
Israel.
Al Hambra at Granada
Oklahoma City Bombing
Justice is a primary Islamic Virtue
There is great
emphasis in the Koran
on justice in all social
and political matters
and it uses three
words for justice 'adl, qist and hakama.
These three words
occur 244 times in the
Koran.
The Quran: "The
indictment shall
be upon those
who oppress
people, and those
who commit
injustice and
wrong-doing on
earth shall be
severely
punished." (Ashshuura, 42:42)
Imitation of the Prophet the Path
to Renew Self and Islam
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Since language conveys meanings, this means it
conveys knowledge. The supreme knowledge is
what is received from God, or what is called
God-given knowledge. The key to God-given
knowledge is worship; for us, Moslems, it is the
conscious imitation of the Prophet. This is
because the life of the Prophet has been made
available through the Quran. This practice differs
in levels, starting from the knowledge of God to
the knowledge of worldly things, although
knowledge of worldly things is not considered by
God as true knowledge—it is not holistic
Women in Leadership
Ottoman Arts
Granada and Ronda Fortress
Al-Ustadh Mahamoud.M Taha
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Al Ustaz and his
daughter Asma
Mahmoud during
zikr shortly after I
arrived in 1977