Transcript Spread of Islam, Early African Societies, Mongols

Spread of Islam, Early African
Societies, Mongols
Spread of Islam
1) In 632, Muhammad
died.
2) He left no instructions
on who should lead
Islam or how to find a
new leader.
3) Muslims looked to carry
spread the religion
4) Finding a leader would
split the Muslim world
until modern day.
The “Rightly Guided Caliphs”
5) The 1st four caliphs knew
Muhammad personally.
6) They are known as the
“rightly guided caliphs.”
7) Abu-Bakr was the 1st
caliph.
8) Bakr declares jihad
against those who
abandoned Islam in Arabia
9) By his death, Islam was
the dominate religion in
Arabia
The “Rightly Guided Caliphs”
10) Umar, the 2nd caliph,
conquered Syria, lower
and Egypt
11) Under Uthman & Ali,
Islam had spread from
the Hindus River to
Tunisia.
Spreading Islam & Treatment of the
Conquered
12) The Quran forbids forced
conversion to Islam.
13) Christians & Jews were
“people of the book” or
believes in the Old Testament
like Muslims.
14) Christians & Jews received
special considerations in
conquered lands.
15) Could still be officials,
scholars & bureaucrats.
16) However, they were
forbidden to spread their
religion
Umayyad Empire
1) After Uthman, the
Umayyad family
comes to power.
2) Move Islamic capital
to Damascus Syria
3) Adopt a wealthy
lifestyle similar to
non-Muslims of the
region.
4) This practice created a
conflict within Islam
Islam Splits: Sunni vs. Shi’a
1) Many followed the
leadership practices of
the Umayyads; Sunni
2) Those who resisted
were called Shi’a
3) Conflict continued and
led to the downfall of
the Umayyads.
4) The most powerful
family, Abbasids, take
control.
Abbasid Empire
1) The Abbasids move
capital to Baghdad.
2) Baghdad’s central
location to trade
routes held spread
Islam.
3) Muslim traders bring
Islam into Asia and
further into north
Africa.
Muslim Trade Routes
1) Muslim traders spread
Islam via trade routes like
the Silk Roads in Asia.
2) Islam trading centers
develop along east African
coast.
3) Swahili develops as a
language mix of native
African languages &
Arabic.
Ibn Battuta
1) Born in Tangiers,
Morocco
2) Left Morocco for Hajj,
did not return for 24
years.
3) Travelled the Islamic
world in Asia & Africa
including China, India
and most of Africa
4) Published the Rihla, an
accountant of his
travels.
5) The Rihla is an
eyewitness account of
the spread of Islam
Ibn Sina
1) One of the great thinkers
of the Islamic Golden
Age
2) Sina’s greatest work
came in the field of
medicine
3) Published the “The
Canon of Medicine” a
medical encyclopedia
4) Was the standard text in
the Islamic world until
the 18th c.
5) Also made advances in
astronomy, geology,
pyschology, math &
physics.
The Great Schism
1) During the Islamic
Golden Age,
Christianity splits
2) Christianity was split
along the lines of the
former Roman
Empire
3) Catholics kept their
capital in Rome
4) Eastern christians,
Orthodox Christians,
create their own in
Constantinople
The Great Schism
5) In 730 BCE, Emperor Leo
III banned the use of
religious icons; riots erupt
in Constantinople
6) The Pope in Rome
supports the banning.
7) One Byzantine emperor
was excommunicated by
the Pope
8) Empress Theodora
restores the use of icons.
9) The split between
Catholicism and Eastern
Orthodox Church is called
the Great Schism
Spreading Orthodox Christianity
1) With Islam spreading,
the Eastern Orthodox
Church looked to
expand east.
2) Slavs near the Black
Sea convert.
3) Cyril & Methodius
create Cyrillic alphabet
for the Slav to read
holy text.
4) Orthodoxy spreads to
Russia.
5) The city of Kiev
converts together.
Spreading Orthodox Christianity
1) With Islam
spreading, the
Eastern Orthodox
Church looked to
expand east.
2) Slavs near the Black
Sea convert.
3) Cyril & Methodius
create Cyrillic
alphabet for the Slav
to read holy text.
4) Orthodoxy spreads
to Russia
The Mongols
1) Mid 1200s Temujin
unites the Mongols
2) As leader, he accepts
the name Genghis
Khan
3) Mongol horsemen
learned to ride on
the flat steppe region
of Asia.
4) Mongol hordes are
known for their
brutality
Mongols vs. Islam
1) Khan leads the
Mongols against
Muslims in Asia
2) Mongol traders
murdered by
Muslims
3) Destroy one Muslim
city after the next.
4) By 1225, Central Asia
under Mongol
control
Genghis Khan
1) Genghis Khans success
as conqueror
a) Brillian organizer of his
men.
b) Gifted strategist
c) Used cruelty as a
weapon
-known to slaughter entire
cities if they resisted
invasion.
2) Creates Mongol Empire
which remains after his
death in 1227.
Mongol Empire
1) Stretched from China to
Poland
2) The largest land empire
in history
3) After Genghis Khan,
separate into 4
Khanates, Mongol
controlled regions
4) Ironically, Mongols were
tolerant during
peacetime. Some even
adopted Islam.
5) Pax Mongolica or
Mongol Peace, was 100
years without war.
Traders granted free
passage.
Marco Polo
1) Marco Polo, a
European trader,
travels to China along
Silk Road
2) Works for Kublai Khan
for 17 years as official
3) Writes travel account
of China under Khan
upon return to Europe.
4) Tells of great cities and
new ideas such as coal
as a fuel source and
spaghetti!
Fall of the Mongol Empire
1) All four Khanates are in
decline by 1400.
2) Kubali Khan spend
extensively on wars in
Southeast Asia
3) Lost many lives and
depleted Mongol
treasury
4) After Khan’s death, riots
and rebellion make the
end of Mongol rule.
5) In 1368, the final
rebellion brings new
leadership under the
Ming Dynasty
The Early African Societies
1) The early African
Societies are also
known as the
Sudanic Kingdoms.
2) They include Ghana,
Mali, and Songhai.
3) Ghana and Mali are
modern-day
countries that adopt
the names of these
early people.
The Kingdom of Ghana
1) The Trans-Saharan
Trade brought Muslim
traders into contact
with the Soninke.
2) The Soninke lived
south of the Sahara
and were farmers.
3) They called their
leader, Ghana,
meaning war chief.
4) The Muslims used
Ghana to refer to the
region of new trade.
Ghana: Gold and Salt
1) The Kingdom of Ghana
became very rich.
2) Gold was mined from
the region between
the Niger and Senegal
Rivers
3) Salt deposits in the
Sahara was traded.
4) Some villages had such
large salt deposits they
build their homes of
salt blocks.
Ghana, Islam and the Fall of Ghana
1) By the 11th c., Ghana
rulers had converted
to Islam.
2) Many of the people
remained Animistic
and dislike Islamic rule
3) The Islamic Almoravids
conqueror Ghana but
pull back to N. Africa
4) The disruption in
gold/salt trade marked
the end of the
Kingdom of Ghana