Transcript Chapter 26 PowerPoint

CIVILIZATIONS IN CRISIS: THE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE, THE
ISLAMIC HEARTLANDS AND
THE QING CHINA
Stearns Chapter 26
The Ottoman Empire
The Decline of the Ottoman Empire
Green:
Territory lost
1774-1830
Orange:
Territory lost
1830-1878
Purple:
Territory lost
1878 – 1914
Gold:
Ottoman
Empire, 1914
From Empire (Ottoman) to Nation (Turkey)

Cause of decline






Succession of weak rulers
(sultans)
Power struggles
(Janissaries, officials, elite
factions)
Corrupt provincial officials
and ayan
Position of artisans declines
as a western goods flood
the markets (wide scale
urban riots)
Armies lack important
resources
Foreign empires (ex—
Russian) make grabs at
outlying territory
Reform Comes From Within

Stage 1: Modest
Reform (18th century)
 Sultan
Selim III
introduces new tech.
(printing press) & seeks
greater bureaucratic
efficiency
 Result: Angers
Janissaries & factions
within the bureaucracy
1807: Taken from the throne and
executed by Janissaries
Reform Comes From Within

Stage 2: Reforms
Continue (1826)
 Sultan
Mahmud II
creates a rival army to
break Janissary power
and also breaks ayan
power
 Farther-reaching
reforms are based on
western precedents
Reform Comes From Within

Stage 3: The Tanzimat
Reforms (1839-1876)
 Reorganizes
large
sections of society on
along western lines
Document Analysis:
Tanzimât Hatt-ı Sharif of Gülhane
With a partner look at the Tanzimat
Reforms and explain what western
institutions/philosophers/ideals the
Ottomans copies. Were these good
reforms? How would this affect the
traditional Muslim society?
Women and Children Workers in an
Ottoman Textile Mill, 1878
By the late
nineteenth century,
the Ottoman Empire
was beginning to
industrialize.
Development was
concentrated in
textiles, production
and export of raw
materials, and
communications and
railroads. As in
Europe,
industrialization
altered family
relations, as women
and children were
often hired in
preference to men.
Repression and Revolt

Sultan Abdul Hamid (1878-1908)
attempts to create order through
absolute rule
 His
rule ends in a bloodless coup
supported by the Ottoman Society
for Union & Progress (Young Turks)
whose goal was to restore the 1876
constitution
The Young Turks: Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire
Discuss how this document is both an expression of
modernizing reform and an assertion of what many at
that time many thought was the best vehicle for that
process, nationalism.
“The Sick Man” Dies

1908 coup is supported
by the military, who
introduce many reforms
(education, status of
women, etc.) but there
are immediate
problems:
Factional fighting
 Outbreak of WWI
 Continued subjugation of
Arab portions of the
empire


Ottoman Empire ends in
1914
Western Intrusion and Crisis in
Islamic Heartland
Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartland



Crisis in Arab portions of the empire was the same:
rejection or adoption of western ways?
While Arabs resented Ottoman Turkish rule, they
preferred rule by fellow Muslims to control by
Western powers.
Ottoman crisis creates fears about keeping the
West from complete intrusion
Egypt taken from Empire

Ignorance of the
European world causes
the Mamluks (Murad)
to underestimate the
power of Napoleon
 Resounding
defeat of
Mamluks reveals that
Muslim armies are
seriously overmatched
Muhammad Ali of EGYPT

After French withdrawal,
Muhammad Ali emerges
as a ruler,1805 - 1849
Westernizes the military
and attempts to
industrialize Egypt
 Reforms are blocked by
European powers who
want to remain dominant
in the Egyptian market


Descendants of Ali
(khedives) rule until
1956
Bankruptcy, Intervention & Resistance


Khedives prove to be
terrible rulers
(wasteful, inept and
elitist)
One important
exception: Suez Canal
 Makes
Egypt an
important strategic
area to competitive
European countries
Bankruptcy, Intervention & Resistance

Weak Muslim rulers prompt Muslim
intellectuals/religious leaders to debate the best
way of staving off European control
 One
side: al-Afghani & Muhammad Abduh stressed
borrowing from the West to innovate
 Other side: religious scholars said the Qu’ran was the
source of all truth; no answers could be found in the
West
Ahmad Arabi – European Challenger

Led revolt against
khedive
 Dismissing
military
leaders


Khedives flew to
Britain for help
British crushed Arabi’s
rebellion and backed
the khedive rule
Khedives become “puppet” for British rule in the Egypt – Control of Suez Canal jeopardized
Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt

Muhammhad Ahmad (“The
Mahdi”) leads a jihad
with the following goals:
Purging Islam of its
“corrupt” beliefs carried
on by the Egyptians
 Fending off western
pressure in the area


Mahdi army wins control
of Sudan
Khalifa Abdallahi
continues the fight
 British defeat the mahdi
in1898

The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire
The Rise of the Qing Empire in China

Qing dynasty is actually
the Manchu, a nomadic
group who seized control
after Ming declined



Adopted Chinese ways
while attacking Ming’s
borders
Maintained the same
system once in power
Differed from previous
foreign rulers
(Yuan/Mongols) in that
they included native
Chinese in the bureaucracy
“It took nearly two decades before centers of Ming and rebel resistance in the south
and west were destroyed by the banner armies, but the Manchus soon found
themselves the masters of China.”
The Qing Empire
YELLOW:
Provinces
LIGHT
YELLOW:
military
governorates
and
protectorates
ORANGE:
tributary
states
Economy & Society

Zhu Xi
Conservative approach…

Socially….
Stressed hierarchy (Confucian)
 Extended family still the central
social unit
 Women confined to the
household
(1130-1200)

Confucian
writer –
stressed
respect of
hierarchy

Economically….
Lowered taxes, labor demands
and improved public works
 Attempted to control the
landlord class to alleviate
peasant burdens
 Did NOT exercise much control
over the commercial sector (and
the # of incoming Europeans)

A Chinese
paddle-wheel
driven ship from
a Qing Dynasty
encyclopedia
published in
1726. (Emperor
Kangxi)
Rot From Within


False assumption that
the following problems
were part of another
dynastic cycle
In Government


Cheating, bribery on
state exams
Kangxi ruled for
61 years (most).
Qing was at its
height – allowed
Europeans to
enter China at
Canton.
In the Economy
Diversion of revenue
from state projects
 Food shortages, famine
& disease

Pine, Plum and Cranes,
1759 AD, by Shen
Quan (1682–1760).
Hanging scroll, ink
and color on silk.
The Opium War & After


To the Chinese,
Europeans were:
barbarians, animals,
nomads
Conflicts like the Opium
War revealed that the
Europeans had stronger,
better organized
militaries and were not
willing to live with an
unequal trade balance.
Effects of Opium on China
The Opium War
Summarize the steps
leading to the war and
analyze the painting.
Rebellion & Failed Reforms

1850s & 1860s—
wave of rebellions
 Taiping
rebellion
(Hong Xiuquan)
 Sought
to overthrow
Qing dynasty and
Confucianism
 Boxer
Rebellion
 Effort
to expel
foreigners
Imperialist Europe…
Rebellion & Failed Reforms

China rallies temporarily
 Dowager
Empress Cixi
 Crushed
reforms and played
rival factions off each other
to maintain power
 Self-strengthening
movement
 Preserve
existing order (not
transform it) by modernizing
military & encouraging
foreign investment in
railways and factories
Fall of the Qing


1905—Confucian exam
system ends
Resistance continues until
1911
In the form of secret
societies, sons of scholargentry or compradors
 Fiercely anti-Western

Sun Yat-sen
Head of
Revolutionary
Alliance,
organization that
led 1911 Revolt
against Qing
dynasty in China

1912—last Manchu
emperor (Puyi)
abdicates (he
is 6 yrs old)
Global Connection

Islam survives; China does not—WHY?
 Muslims
had faced Western challenges since the Middle
Ages while challenge to China was more sudden
 Muslims share many Judeo-Christian cultural aspects
while Chinese regarded western culture as ‘barbaric’
 Muslims has many centers to defend (fall of one did not
mean fall of all) whereas fall of China meant the whole
empire
 Muslims could fall back on Islam, Chinese did not have
a religious tradition to stabilize them.