Transcript Rise of Islam

Rise of Islam
Chapter 11
610
Muhammad
receives
recitation at 40
yrs old
622
M. & followers
leave Mecca for
Yathrib (Medina)
(hijrah)
630
After much
fighting, return
to Mecca
Kaaba
destroyed and
rededicated
5 Pillars of Islam
• The Muslim Confession of Faith: “There is no God but
Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet.”
• Ritual Prayer: Observed five times a day; directed toward
Mecca.
• Almsgiving: The Zakat or purification tax (about 2.5 percent
of one’s wealth) for giving to the poor.
• Fasting: Observed during the holy month of Ramadan.
• Pilgrimage: Every able Muslim should make at least one
pilgrimage, or hajj, to Mecca during his or her lifetime.
Top 10 largest Muslim
populations
#
Country
Muslims
1.
Indonesia
188,619,000
2.
Pakistan
144,788,000
3.
India
131,213,000
4.
Bangladesh
118,512,000
5.
Turkey
67,864,000
6.
Iran
67,610,000
7.
Egypt
64,647,000
8.
Nigeria
54,891,000
9.
Algeria
31,729,000
Morocco
31,642,000
10.
The Quran
• Sacred text
• Written in Arabic
• Muslim converts have
to learn Arabic
• Shared language a
unifying factor
Jihad
• “the struggle to defend the faith”
• What does this mean?
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Islam Spreads
Section 2
After the death of Muhammed
• Arab armies spread Islam through parts of 3
continents
Why so successful?
• Weakness of the Persian and Byzantine
empires
• The people in the fertile Crescent welcomed
the Arabs as liberators from harsh rulers
• Belief in Islam & certainty of paradise for
those who fell in battle spurred the Arab
armies to victory
Treatment of Conquered People
• Special tax on non-Muslims
• Allowed Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians to
practice their own religions
• In principle, emphasized equality of all
believers regardless of race, sex, class, or
wealth
Divisions
in
Islam
Sunni
- Caliph should be chosen
by leaders of the Muslim
Community
-Leader not religious authority
-90% of Muslims today
Shiites
- Caliph should be descendants
of Muhammed
- Believed that Muhammed’s
descendants were divinely
inspired
Sufi
- Muslim mystics who sought
Communion with God
- Through meditation, fasting,
and other rituals
Sunnis are a majority in the
Arab and the Muslim world.
In Iraq, Shiites are a
majority.
Baghdad
• Became the center of the Muslim world
• A symbol of wealth and power
• “City of Peace, Gift of God, Paradise on
Earth”
The Shaheed Monument, opened in 1983, commemorates Iraqi
soldiers killed in the Iran-Iraq war
The colossal Hands of Victory monument marks the entrances to a large
parade ground in central Baghdad. The triumphal arch is shaped as two
pairs of crossed swords, made from the guns of dead Iraqi soldiers that
were melted and recast as the 24-ton blades of the swords. The fists that
hold the swords aloft are replicas of Saddam Husseins own hands.
Invasion! (900-1400)
• The Crusades
• Mongols
• By 1200’s the Arab
empire had fragmented
and fallen
Section 3
Islamic Civilization
A Culture of Traders
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Muhammad had been a trader (caravan leader)
Trade important to Muslim culture
Silk, cotton, wool textiles
Carpets & tapestries
Steel swords, gold, silver
Jewelry, perfumes, spices
Leather, pottery, glassware
A Way of Life
• Islamic law governs many aspects of daily life
• Sharia – Islamic law
• Does not separate religious matters from
criminal or civil law
• Women’s rights under Islam vary depending
on what country they live in.
Family Life
• Arranged marriages
• Qur’an restricted men to 4 wives and had to
treat each equally
• Women could divorce, inherit money, and
remarry
• Rights would diminish over time.
Impact of Islam on Women
"Treat your women well and be kind to them for
they are your partners and committed helpers."
From the last sermon
of Prophet Mohammed
The Taliban government was severely criticized for not respecting the
human rights of women. Women were prohibited from leaving their
homes, unless they were completely covered; no part of their faces, hair
or body was to be shown out in the public. Religious police patrols were
forcing women to wear burqa of a specified length, and even minor
deviations could result in public punishment, as women were beaten with
thin sticks at the ankles for wearing burqas that were "too short". The
education of women suffered too, and women were deprived even of
elementary education.
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Sciences
• Collected much learning from trade networks
• Advanced in distillation of medicine, hygiene,
surgical procedures
• Had the world’s first pharmacy and
encyclopedia of diseases and treatments
• Astrolabe
• Learned a new numbering
system from India using 10
figures (Arabic numerals)
• Used decimals
• Algebra (restoring math)
Brahmi numerals (lower row) in India in the 1st century AD
Modern-day Arab
telephone keypad with
two forms of HinduArabic numerals:
Western
Arabic/European
numerals on the left
and Eastern Arabic
numerals on the right
Other Customs
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