Transcript File
CHAPTER 15- THE MUSLIM EMPIRES BASIC STORY IN 10 MINUTES Awesome Intro Video! Osmon (1258-1326) Leader of Ottoman Turks Osmon began to expand into the Balkans (Slavic people)- conquering the Serbs and Bulgaria Led to the creation of the Ottoman Empire OTTOMAN EMPIRE Military strength through Janissaries- elite troops, allegiance to sultan Use of new weapons, firearms, gunpowder- mastered the new technology OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1. Mehmet II – Leader of Ottoman Empire who defeated the Byzantine Empire by taking Constantinople 2. Sultan Selim I – Continued Ottoman expansion eventually conquering some of the holiest cities (Jerusalem, Medina, and Makkah) He declares himself the new Caliph- (defender of the faith and the successor to Muhammad) Pashas- appointed officials to maintain law/ collect taxes in conquered areas MEHMED I “ After the sultan entered the city and looked about to see its great size , its situation, its grandeur and beauty, its teeming population, its lovely building and of the private houses and community houses and those of the officials.. When he saw the large number that had been killed and the ruin of the buildings and the wholesale ruin and destruction of the city he was filled with compassion and repented not a little at the destruction and plundering Tears fell from his eyes as he groaned deeply and passionately “What a city we have given over to plunder and destruction. _ Kritovoulous History of Mehmedthe conquerer. OTTOMAN EMPIRE 3. Suleyman the Magnificentadvancement into Europe (Danube, Hungary, Austria), control of western Mediterranean Sea Advance met by alliance of Europeans, defeat (Vienna) Slow decline of Ottoman power OTTOMAN RULE Sultan- supreme authority Learned/adapted Byzantine and Persian customs Problems with succession- sultan is passed down to son, not necessarily the next oldest Topkapi Palace- Istanbul, center of power- (like Versailles) Harem-”sacred place” Private domain of sultan-where him and his wives lived Could have four wives When son becomes sultan-mother named “queen mother” and is an adviser to the throne Not all about sex, political power https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkzCjFDzX74 (2 min) OTTOMAN RULE Imperial council- vizier Bureaucracy- based on merit Similar to fief holdings, feudalism Sunni Muslims- generally tolerant of others unless seen as a threat Non- Muslims paid head tax, conversions Ulema- religious advisers Administered legal systems and schools for educating Muslims OTTOMAN RULE Women- more freedoms than elsewhere, divorce, property Decline came after Suleyman- son Selim II (“drunken sultan”) Suleyman had his other two sons executed for suspicion of treason Internal dissention, corruption, constant war decreased treasury Influence of Western culture, materialism OTTOMAN ART Pottery, rugs, silk, arms, jewelry Architecture most important Open floor plan (Hagia Sophia), domes, minarets, windows Decorations- mosaics, bright colors, geometric designs Rugs, silks BLUE MOSQUE- ISTANBUL SAFAVIDS COMBINE PERSIAN AND OTTOMAN (TURKSIH) CULTURE After Tamerlane (Mongol) decline- chaos and anarchy Safavids Followed Shia form of Islam Founded by Shah (king) Ismail- ancestor to Ali Controlled Iraq, Iran, Baghdad Conflict with Ottoman Turks Sultan Selim I- went after Ismail after he ordered the execution of Sunni Muslims Safavids eventually lose territory to Ottomans and move capital from Tabriz to Esfahan Copied Janissaries, military from Ottomans https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wac0fyrfu_8 (Islam Ottoman rivalry) Abbas the Great- strengthen, stabilize dynasty- was able to gain back Azerbaijan which was earlier lost to Ottomans SAFAVIDS Internal problems- increase in power of Shi’ias and going back to orthodoxy- or traditional religious beliefs Effect: Women lost rights, “behind the veil” Decline: Attacked by Afghan peoples Others took advantage of weaknesses and attacked, rulers fled Brief restoration- battle with Mughals in India Mixed population of people, used religion to unify SAFAVIDS Shah- political and religious leader, Shi’a power Used foreigners in gov’t to avoid competition Directly involved in economy- check up on locals, no direct contact with Europe, limited trade Capital- Isfahan, architecture, blue tiles Silk, painting MUGHALS HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=NBUM0AJJVGE (CRASH COURSE 12 MIN) Unification of subcontinent of India- under Islamic foreigners Influence of Europeans- decline Founder was Babul (Mongol descendent) Weapons, cavalry- northern India Son chased out but aided by Safavids to return to power Akbar- peak of power, “gunpowder empire” MUGHALS Akbar- took steps to reconcile different religions, tolerance Married to Hindu, learned of Christianity, classical Indian ideas, hostility to Islam Divine Faith- combination of religions with control by emperor Not embraced by many people, Hindus given more power/jobs MUGHALS Tolerance in legal system- Hindus not made to pay head tax, follow own laws Overall time of peace and prosperity Strong father- weak son Brief resurgance- Shah Jahan Taj Mahal- built in memory of wife, expensive Aurangzeb- controversial (ex. elimination of sati) MUGHALS Reversed religious tolerance, revolts Portuguese monopoly of trade England- remained present as Mughal power declined, able to exert influence- Ft William Dutch/French attracted to trade in area Power of British East India company- conflict with gov’t, major step in English dominance MUGHALS Money made was sent back to England and weakened local trade British slowly took over and enforced own rules and laws Locals unable to mount significant challenge to British Real influence of Mughals on life of Indians is hard to tell- women, Hindus