Transcript Midterm Review

REVIEW FOR THE
FALL SEMESTER
FINAL EXAM
REVIEW FOR THE
FALL SEMESTER
FINAL EXAM
INSTRUCTIONS:
Go through the slides and answer each
question in the packet; the slide numbers
are listed for each question
TheNeolithic
Neolithic Revolution
is when
Revolution
humans learned how to farm; farming
changed the way humans lived:
People no longer had to be
roaming nomads and
became farmers
People domesticated
animals and established
villages
Farming villages became established along river
valleys; the rivers offered good soil, irrigation,
and sources of drinking water
In Mesopotamia (and other civilizations, like Egypt) being
located in a river valley provided rich soil ideal for farming
LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
GOVERNMENT:
Babylonian King Hammurabi
created the first written
code of law
Hammurabi’s Code had 282
laws based on justice and
retaliation (for example:
“an eye for an eye”)
LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
Government:
If it was decided a Chinese leader
lost the Mandate of Heaven,
overthrowing him and starting a
new dynasty could be justified
Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) taught that people can
achieve Nirvana by following the “Four Noble Truths”; this
is the most significant teaching of Buddhism
LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
Ancient Egypt had a hierarchy of
specialized workers; the “pharaoh” is
the Egyptian king
LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
In Han China, the teachings of the
philosopher Confucius had great
influence on their society
Confucianism focused on filial piety
(respect for elders)
For a bureaucrat to get a government
job, he would have to pass a civil
service exam based on Confucius’
teachings
PERSIA’S ORGANIZED EMPIRE
When ruling their empire, the Persians were tolerant of
conquered people’s cultures, built an extensive road system,
and used standardized coins to promote business and trade
Mountains covered about 75% of Greece; these
barriers divided the Greek people into separate
mountain valleys; this led to the development of
independent city-states
The Hindu religion
used the “caste
system”, which ranked
people according to
social status
The society of Sparta
focused on military
strength, not
freedom, art, and
learning (like Athens)
Ancient Greece is
considered a
“classical
civilization”
because Greek
culture contributed
to philosophy, art,
entertainment,
literature,
architecture,
science, education,
and democracy
Alexander the Great’s main legacy was not his empirebuilding; the most significant effect of his conquests was
spreading Hellenistic civilization (a blend of Greek, Persian,
and Egyptian culture) throughout his empire
BELIEFS OF ISLAM
Islam is
monotheistic,
worshipping only
one God (the
same God of
Judaism and
Christianity)
Muslims believe in the
Five Pillars of Islam:
Faith: belief in one
God, Allah, and the
Prophet Muhammad
Prayer: 5 times per day
towards Mecca
Alms: 2.5% to charity
Fasting: During the
month of Ramadan
Hajj: Pilgrimage to
Mecca
FIVE PILLARS
The Sunni-Shi’a Split
Before the Umayyads, caliphs were
elected members of Muhammad’s family
Sunni Muslims
Shi’a Muslims
rejected the rule of accepted the rule of
the Umayyads
the Umayyads
The Shi’a believe
The Sunni believe
that caliphs must
that caliphs should
come directly from follow Muhammad’s
Muhammad’s
example, but do not
bloodline
have to be relatives
Medicine
Muslims of the
Islamic Empire
established the
world’s first
hospitals and
based their
medical
knowledge on
that of
Mesopotamia,
Egypt, and
Greece
Ibn Sina created and developed medical encyclopedias
Islamic Empire and Gupta Empire
Wealth from
trade led to
“golden ages” for
the Islamic and
Gupta Empires, a
time of great
achievements in
science,
mathematics,
medicine, and
architecture
EAST AFRICA
Muslim merchants
brought their
religion with them
to East Africa
Islam was
introduced to
the East African
trade cities
AFRICAN RELIGION CHANGES
When Islam was introduced, the Animist religions and
Islam were blended; however, many Africans chose to
keep their traditional Animistic beliefs
WEST AFRICA: GHANA
The gold-salt trade led to
increased wealth in West
Africa and the formation
of empires
A West African kingdom,
Ghana, amassed vast
wealth by taxing
merchants
WEST AFRICA: MALI
The gold-salt trade led to
increased wealth in West
Africa and the formation
of empires
A kingdom neighboring
Ghana, Mali, eventually
overthrew Ghana and
absorbed its territory into
the new Mali Empire
University in Timbuktu
For example, Timbuktu
became a trade city that
attracted scholars, religious
leaders, and doctors
Because of his pilgrimage to Mecca, Mansa Musa
expanded Islamic learning and culture in Mali
Aztecs worshipped
many gods,
especially the sun
god; they made
thousands of human
sacrifices each year
to the sun god
The demise of the Aztecs and Incas came when
the Spanish conquistadors arrived in America
and conquered the two empires
This era of stability was called “Pax Mongolica”, which
means “Mongol Peace”
Because of the safety of Pax Mongolica, there was
enormous increase in trade between Asia and Europe
through the Silk Road
From 1200 to 1206,
Genghis Khan
(“Universal Ruler”)
united all of the
Mongol clans under
his rule
Equally intelligent
and vicious, Genghis
Khan would lead the
creation of the
Mongol Empire, the
largest land empire
in human history
MARCO POLO’S TRAVELS
Marco Polo traveled throughout Asia
and Europe, making a written record
that would later increase Europe’s
interest in Asian luxury goods
The voyages led by Chinese admiral Zheng He led to
the Chinese coming into contact with people from
numerous other cultures
CHINESE INNOVATIONS DURING THE
TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES
CHINESE INNOVATIONS
CHINESE INNOVATIONS
1.
Mechanical clock
6.
Chinese writing
2.
Magnetic compass
7.
Ship building
3.
Gunpowder
8.
Vaccinations
4.
Printing press
9.
Silk weaving
5.
Paper money
10
Porcelain