Transcript Chapter 14 - mrryanshistory.com

Chapter 14
India and Its Neighbors
Section 1: History
p. 403-407
Warm Up Questions
◊ Whose reign signaled the beginning of
the Mughal Empire?
◊ How and where did the Religion of
Islam first arrive in South Asia?
◊ How did Islam spread into India?
Islam
◊ Muslim’s from Arabia (where is Arabia?)
conquered northwest India
• These people are called Arabs
◊ As a result, many people converted to Islam
• Pakistan, Afghanistan etc..
◊ 11th century(1000-1099): Turkish Muslims
from present day Afghanistan, attacked NW
India
• Replaced the Arabs as rulers of this land
◊ Their land extended all the way to the Deccan
Plateau
Mughal Empire
◊ 1526: Babur invaded India with his army
◊ Eventually controlled northern India and west
into Afghanistan
◊ His reign is the beginning of the Mughal
Empire
◊ To strengthen his empire:
• Involved local leaders in gov’t
• Built trade routes
Babur
◊ Was a great warrior, and master of war strategy
◊ A ruthless and supreme ruler, who felt he was only
answerable to god
◊ BUT…
◊ Was also a poet and understood that war was wrong
◊ He understood that you had to include the people you
conquered in the decision making process or you would have
difficulty ruling them
◊ Kept a detailed diary of his life known as
• Baburnama
Baburnama
◊ 1st autobiography in the Islamic world
• What is an autobiography?
◊ Some call it his memoirs: detailed 40 years of
his adventures, ideas, and opinions
◊ He is very detailed, descriptive, and
observant in his writings
◊ Written by Babur himself
◊ Widely considered one of the classics of world
literature
Excerpt from Baburnama
◊ 'It is a superb place. All around the area are many
flowing streams. The citadel is located atop a hill,
and inside it a huge reservoir has been carved
from rock. ….The houses of the rich and poor alike
are made of stone. Those of the grandees are
elaborately carved, but the ordinary people's are
not. The roofs are made of stone instead of tile.
Chanderi lies ninety kos to the south of Agra.
There the north star is at twenty-five degrees
elevation.’
◊ Wrote this after conquering Chanderi
Babur cont..
◊ Captured his empire due to his ability to
access gunpowder
• Was in short supply for his enemies, but not for
him
◊ Ready to rule for a long time…but
◊ 1530 died suddenly--throne left to his son
◊ He ;aid the groundwork for the Mughal
Dynasty to flourish
Akbar the Great
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Ruled from 1556-1605
Grandson of Babur
Strong-willed, fearless, and cruel
BUT…
Just, and compassionate
Under his rule…
• Mughal empire tripled in size and wealth
• Created a powerful army
• Instituted effective political and social reforms
• Created a library containing 24,000 volumes
◊ Each translated into a different language so all his subjects
could read them
Akbar and the Hindu’s
Treated Hindu’s as equal--he was Muslim
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Abolished a tax that was specific to all Hindu’s
Gave them high ranking military and political positions
Had Hindu literature translated
Participated in Hindu festivals
Even married a Hindu princess
◊ Understood that in order for his kingdom to
maintain peace, all religions had to cooperate
with each other
◊ Tried to create one universal religion (combining
Islamic and Hindu beliefs)
Akbar’s Red Fort
◊ In the capital city of Agra, near the Yamuna River, he
built his fort/castle
◊ Part fort, part castle, it was completed in only 8 years
• Made with red sandstone…hence the name Red Fort
◊ Had over 500 rooms
◊ Outer walls had 2 huge gates, flanked by 2 towers,
and were 40 feet high
◊ Inner wall is 70 feet high, with turrets for guns and
cannons
◊ Surrounded by 2 moats
• 1 water moat contained alligators
• 1 dry moat contained tigers
Akbar
◊ Died on Oct 27, 1605 due to a stomach
illness
◊ Known for promoting exceptional harmony
between Hindus and Muslims.
◊ Practiced acceptance of all religions
◊ Did not attempt to become the head of a
new religion.
End of the Mughal Empire
◊ It all started when….
◊ 1600: Queen Elizabeth I of England gave
trading rights to the East India Company in
India and SE Asia
• A joint stock company made up of English
merchants, designed to trade with the Indians
◊ Mughal emperors agreed to allow them to set
up factories
• Shipped spices, tea, cotton, silk, indigo (a dye),
sugar, and ingredients for gunpowder
The End cont..
◊ 1707: Aurangzeb died--last of the great Mughal
emperors
◊ No emperor could hold power after his death
◊ 18th century: Invaders plundered India and
destroyed Delhi multiple times
◊ 1764: Battle of Buxar
• British defeat the Mughal army and effectively take
over
◊ 1804: British East India Company became official
rules of India
• The Shah, Persian for King, asked for their protection