Transcript Chapter 18-The Muslim World Expands

The Muslim World Expands
Chapter 18
Section 1-The Ottomans Build a Vast
Empire
The Turks Move into Byzantium
• Ghazis-Anatolian Turks
who saw themselves as
warriors for Islam
• Ottomans-Followers of
Osman who was considered
the most successful of the
ghazis
– Achieved military success
with the aid of gun powder
– Some of the 1st people to use
cannons
The Turks Move into Byzantium
• Sultan-Meaning ‘overlord’ or “one
with power”
• Life under the Ottomans
– Used local officials appointed by the
sultan to rule conquered areas
– Muslims served in the Turkish army and
pay religious taxes
– Non-Muslims did not have to serve in the
army but paid a small tax in return
The Turks Move into Byzantium
• Timur the Lame– Received the nickname
after taking an arrow to
the leg
– Burned Baghdad to the
ground
– Crushed the Ottomans
in the Battle of Ankara
(1402)
Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic
Expansion
• Mehmed II– Nicknamed Mehmed the
Conqueror
– Attacked Constantinople
• Fired a 1,200lb bolder out of
a 26-foot gun and ships
• After conquering the city he
renamed it Istanbul opened it
up to Christians, Jews,
Muslims, Turks and nonTurks
Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic
Expansion
• Suleyman the Lawgiver– Ruled for 46 years
– Created penalties for
various criminal acts,
bureaucratic and financial
corruption
– Also introduced the
concept of a balanced
budget to governments
Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic
Expansion
• Suleyman the Lawgiver– Studied poetry, history,
geography, astronomy,
mathematics and
architecture
– B/c of Islamic law he
was tolerant of other
religions
– Supported art and
literature
Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic
Expansion
• Devshirme System-System
where members of the
sultan’s army were drafted
from the Christian boys of
conquered territories.
– Converted them to Islam and
educated them
• Janissaries-Elite force of
30,000 soldiers trained to be
loyal only to the sultan.
Section 3-The Mughal Empire in India
Early History of the Mughals
• Mughals-Term meaning
“Mongols”
– Group of nomadic
invaders in Central Asia
• 1494-Babur inherits the
kingdoms of Uzbekistan
and Tajikistan at the age
of 11
– Swept down into India
and laid the foundations
for the Mughal Empire
Early History of the Mughals
• Akbar-Ruled India from
1556 to 1605
– Babur’s grandson
– Ruled with wisdom and
tolerance
– Created his own religion the
“Divine Faith”
• He offended Muslims so
much that they tried to revolt
against him in 1581
Early History of the Mughals
• Art and Literature– Illustrated books
flourished
• Miniatures-Small
highly detailed,
colorful paintings
– Hindu literature also
saw a resurgence
during Akbar’s time
Akbar’s Successors
• Shah Jahan– Killed anyone who got
in his way of being
king
– Had two great passions
in life:
• Beautiful buildings
• His wife Mumtaz
Mahal
– Sadly she died at age 39
while giving birth to
their 14th child
Akbar’s Successors
• Taj Mahal-Towering
marble dome built as a
memorial to Mumtaz
Mahal following her
death
– Referred to as the most
beautiful building in
the world
Akbar’s Successors
• Aurangzeb– Shah Jahan’s 3rd son
• Took power when Shah became
sick
– Expanded the Mughal Empire to
it’s greatest size
– Oppressed the people
• Strict Islamic law banned gambling,
drinking, and other vices
• Taxed non-Muslims and was cruel
to Hindus
The Empire’s Decline and Decay
• Reasons for the Empire’s
Decline– Aurangzeb had drained it’s
resources
– 2 million people died of
hunger
– As central power weakened
the power of local lords
grew
– The power of western
traders began to increase