Transcript Africa - Images

Chapters 8.2 and 15:
Africa
I. Bantu
A. People of the savanna region south of the Sahara
B. Farmers and nomadic herders, who were skilled in
ironworking
1. used slash and burn farming techniques
2. land lost fertility requiring them to move
C. Spread their ironworking skills and adapted their
farming methods to suit the new lands
1. learned new customs
Migration Map
II. Bantu Migrations (3000BCE – CE 1100)
A. Cause of Migration
1. as populations increased, needed more land to
farm & graze
2. Needed hardwood for ironworking
B. Effect of Migration
1. Population distribution
2. Cultural blending through
contact and intermarriage
3. Increased pop. destiny
4. Shared technology
a. forging tools and
weapons from copper,
bronze, iron
Chapter 15
A.
B.
C.
D.
I. Sudanic Kingdoms
Hunting-gathering
Social structure - leader = oldest male
Lineage = same ancestors
Stateless society
1. No centralized power
Trade Routes
II. Three West African Sudanic Kingdoms
A. Ghana 800-1076
1. Development: Sonike people
a. Emerged when camel
introduced to trade
2. Trade = gold, salt
3. Became rich by taxing
traders
4. By 800 an empire
5. Palace, army, bureaucracy
6. Islam spread through trade - most mixed Islam
and animistic beliefs = religious syncretism
7. Decline: Defeated by N. Africa Muslims
B. Mali 1235-1400
1. Development: Mande people, became
powerful after fall of Ghana
2. Trade = gold , salt
3. Capital = Niani
4. Decline: weak successors and gold trade
shifted east
4. Sundiata, Mali’s first great leader
a. Mali’s first great leader
b. All of his 12 brothers were
murdered
c. Grew up and avenged their
murders
d. Became emperor of Mali about
1235
e. Military leader - took over Ghana
f. Led to peace and prosperity =
established bureaucracy and
administration
g. Agriculture, established gold &
salt trade
5. Mansa Musa, Mali’s second great leader 1312-1332
a. Grandnephew of Sundiata
b. Military leader
c. Gold & salt trade
d. Expanded empire
i. needed Governors,
provinces
e. Devout Muslim
i. went on Hajj to Mecca
ii. gave away so much gold that the value declined in
Egypt & Europeans learned of the wealth of the
kingdom
iii. Built mosques – Timbuktu great city of learning and
Islam in Africa
6. Ibn Battuta, Muslim geographer and historian
a. Began travels in 1352
b. Traveled for 27 years, 75,000 miles
throughout Muslim world
c. Muslim world’s Marco Polo
d. Provides most of what we know about this
part of the world (see page quote p. 416 in text)
e. Geography
C. Songhai = largest of the Sundanic Kingdoms
1. Development: took over Mali upon its demise
2. Wealthy through gold trade
3. Capital = Gao
4. Islamic kingdom
5. Trade routes
6. Decline: Lacked
modern weapons of
1500s… Destroyed
by gunpowder
weapons - Arabs
III. African - trade and religion
A. East Africa - Swahili City-States
1. Not unified
a. language & culture came from a blending
of Arabic and Bantu
b. Cities included: Mogadishu, Sofala,
Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa
2. Trade since Roman times - Indian Ocean,
Mediterranean, India, Indonesia
3. Traded ivory, slaves, cinnamon, cloth, iron
tools, gold, leopard skins, rhinoceros horns
4. Muslims migrated to area after death of
Muhammad
5. Trade w/ Muslims
6. Portuguese took over seaside cities
7. Muslims kidnapped Africans to sell in
markets since 9th century
a. Used in Arabia, Persia, and Iraq
b. Shipped to India to be used as soldiers
c. Worked on docks and as household
servants in China
IV. Role of geography in trade
Salt
Gold trade
Slaves
Shipped from
Africa to
India, Arabia
& China
IV. Role of geography
in trade
Slaves
Shipped from
Africa to
India, Arabia
& China
V. Salt, Slaves, and Gold
A. Intro. of camel impacted trade across desert
areas
B. Trade stimulated salt and gold mining
1. Need for slaves
C. Salt taken from Sahara – taken south to
trade for gold
D. Gold shipped to Europe, Asia, N. Africa
E. Slaves - 2nd largest export
1. Used in armies
2. Demand high because of high death rate
VI. Religious Syncretism
A. Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile
different or contradictory beliefs.
1. This often results in mixing practices of
various schools of thought.
2. The term also means any attempt to
combine and relate several originally
distinct traditions.
*allows for religious toleration!*
Bantu Migration + Trans-Saharan Trade + Conquest = Religious Syncretism
B. Where does it occur?
1. This phenomenon occurs in areas where multiple
religious practices come in close contact.
2. Usually: among trading nations, in conquered nations,
or invaded areas
C. Result of religious syncretism in Africa =
1. Islam in Northern and parts of Eastern Africa
2. Blend of traditional African beliefs (animism)
w/ Islam and Christianity
3. Spread of Islam created new cultures
4. Base some governments on Islamic laws –
with differing interpretations, for instance
a. East Africa - women wear veils
b. West Africa - women no veils