Transcript Lecture 1 Introduction, Historical Background File

Political Islam in International
Relations
PSIR 432
Course Description
• This course surveys Islam as a political force in
the context of international relations and political
experiences within the Islamic world. It begins
with the development of modern Salafism and
the Islamic Reformation to the emergence of
Islamism, Islamist parties, jihadism and the ‘War
on Terror.’ The course investigates political
Islamic actors such as the Muslim Brotherhood,
the ulema, al Qaeda, ISIS, Liberal Islamists such
as al-Nour and their relationship with the state,
the umma and the international.
Method of Assesment
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Essay
Midterm Exam:
Final Exam:
Quizzes and Participation
30%
25%
30%
15%
• Essay
– 1000 words on a topic of your choice
• Mid-Term and Final Exams
– Multiple choice
– 1 Essay Question
– Bonus Questions.
• Quiz
– Multiple Choice
MAKE-UP EXAM AND WRITTEN
ASSIGNMENTS POLICY
• In all cases, you must submit a written request
via the Departmental Secretary within three
working days giving reasons together with the
necessary supporting evidence.
• Make up Exams consist of essay only
questions.
• There are no make-up quizzes
How to find me
• Email: [email protected]
• Office BE 185
Islam as a Political Idea
Mohamed: Merchant, Prophet,
Political Leader
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Revelation: From Merchant to Prophet
Hijra 622
Birth of the Umma, Community of Believers
Tribal loyalties replaced with a broader
community identity
• The first Islamic State, Constitution of Medina
The Rashidun
• Rightly Guided Caliphs 750
• Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Kittab, Uthman ibn
Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib
• The Wars of Apostasy (Rida Wars)
– Of the six major centres of the revolt four of the
leaders of the movement offered competing
claims to being prophets themselves.
Islamic Expansion
The Abbasids
• By 775 Abbasid rule firmly established and the
empire unified, with the exception of Umayyad
controlled Spain, Cordoba Caliphate
• Capital moved to Baghdad
• Consolidates the relationship between, umma,
Caliph and Ulema
• Creation of a formalised Sharia
• Closing the ‘Gates of Ijtihad’
• Greatest expansion of Islamic territory
Islamic Reformation
• 13th C Ibn Taymiyya, Fall of Baghdad, Mongol
Conversion
• 18th C Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab\ Wahabism
• Pact with Wahhab and bin Saud helped to
establish the Saudi state
• The descendants of Wahab have historically led
the ulema in Saudi Arabia
• Movement sought to purify Islam by returning
Muslims to the original principles of Islam
• Primary doctrine of Islam is the uniqueness and
unity of God (Tawhid).
Al-Afghani, Salafism and the Encounter
with Europe
• 1839 - 1897
• Salafism
• What accounts for the decline of Islamic
civilisation?
• Opening the ‘Gates of ijtihad’
• The Islamic Reformation
• Liberal and radical reformers
• Muhammed Abduh, Rashid Rida
The Arab Revolt
• 5 June 1916
• Attack on the Ottoman garrison at Medina
• By the end of July the ports of Jiddah, Yanbu and
Rabegh were under Arab control. Supported by
British forces
• Lieutenant T.E. Lawrence –Lawrence of Arabia
• Battle of Meggido in September 1918
• October 1918 Damascus falls
• November 1918 Ottomans sign armistice
Sykes-Picot Agreement
The Great Betrayal
• Secret agreement between United Kingdom and France
• Divided the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire
outside the Arabian peninsula into areas of future
British and French control
• Lloyd George “I am very keen to see a Jewish state
established in Palestine.“
• Turning point in Western–Arab relations. Negated the
promises made to Arabs for a national homeland in the
area of Greater Syria
• Abu Bakr al Baghdadi, “This blessed advance will not
stop until we hit the last nail in the coffin of the Sykes–
Picot conspiracy”
WWI, The End of the Caliphate
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Treaty of Sèvres 1920
Caliphate abolished March 3, 1924.
Abdulmecid II was the last caliph of Islam
No framework for united and identity
Medina (622)Damascus (662) Baghdad (751),
Cairo (1262) Istanbul (1517) Terminated(1924)
• Reborn 2014?
The Second Wave of Reformation
Political Islam in the 20th C
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Muslim Brotherhood, Hassan al Banna
Sayid Qutb, Milestones
Pan Arab Ambitions
Abdullan Azzam, The Soviet War
Rise and Fall of Political Islam
Repression of the Islamists
The 3rd Reformative Movement
Salafi-Jihadism
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Al-Qaeda,
9/11, The War on Terror
The Global Jihad
The Constraints of International Order
• The Arab Spring, Liberal Islamism, Salafis and the
Secular State
• The 4th Reformative Movement DAESH
• Abu Bakr al Baghdadi, “This blessed advance will
not stop until we hit the last nail in the coffin of
the Sykes–Picot conspiracy”
• Abu Bakr al Baghdadi, “This blessed advance
will not stop until we hit the last nail in the
coffin of the Sykes–Picot conspiracy”